Erythropoietin is produced primarily in the kidney with minor amounts from the liver and stimulates proliferation of committed erythrocytic progenitors and release of immature red cells; high levels increase the rate of differentiation into erythrocyte progenitors. For example, regardless of site, the mean marrow cellularity was ~80% at 2 months of age; by 2 years of age, the cellularity decreased to a mean of ~66%. For example, it was suggested that drug-related blood dyscrasias represented 10% of all blood dyscrasias reported in Sweden, and, 40% of those resulted in fatality (Bottinger and Westerholm, 1973). Morphologically, the rat or mouse bone marrow did not have, nor develop, lymphoid-cell aggregates or structures resembling follicles, even after immunization (Geldof et al., 1983). Adaptive drawing by David Sabio. Some innervation also occurs through epiphyseal and metaphyseal foramina. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.

Because of its routine use, H&E-stained sections of paraffin-embedded bone marrow tissue are typically evaluated histologically. Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Health. However, H&E does not provide consistent hematopoietic cell differentiation.

Additionally, there is no need for decalcification, thus, reducing shrinkage artifact and loss of cellular detail related to decalcification methods. cValue includes rubricytes and metarubricytes.
In general, acid decalcification is not recommended for samples needed for enzyme- or immunostaining.

In long bones, one or more nutrient canals (containing a nutrient artery and 1 or 2 nutrient veins) pass through the cortical bone entering the marrow cavity obliquely. The tip of the brush is rolled gently in the exposed marrow and several stripes of marrow are made on glass slides; multiple slides may be prepared for special stains or techniques. EDTA decalcification is recommended for enzyme- and immunostaining procedures. For example, in the Fischer rat, from 4 months to 2 years of age, the sternum, ribs, humerus and proximal femur had a relatively similar marrow cellularity of approximately 68% (Cline and Maronpot, 1985). Bone marrow is highly vascular meaning that it is enriched with blood vessels and capillaries. Prussian Blue stain is used for the assessment of iron stores; acids in decalcifiers or fixatives may washout iron stores. Sonication techniques involve immersing the tissues in a sonicator containing decalcifier and sonicating the tissues. Differently from WAT adipocytes, marrow adipocytes expand under conditions of energy restriction and seem to be not influenced by energy surplus, at least in humans.

As is the case in the rat, there is also a wide range of normal hematopoietic cellularity in mouse bone marrow. (C) Vertebra. For example, polyhydroxy metabolites of benzene (e.g., hydroquinone) have been shown to affect B-lymphopoiesis in the marrow causing maturation arrest of the B-cells at the pre-B cell stage (Wierda and Irons, 1982; King et al., 1988). Figure 1 Representative examples of bone marrow cellularity in long and axial bones of normal adult B6C3F1 mice. Mechanical bending or probing is a subjective assessment and is by far the easiest method and is often done.

Mice generally have a more cellular bone marrow than rats. Figure 3 The cross-section (A) and longitudinal section (B) from the femur of a male B6C3F1 control from a 28-day toxicity study shows a cellular rich bone marrow. I.

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