Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue biology. Functionally, similar to BAT, it has been described that lipid clearance and maintenance of intravascular temperature were impaired in response to cold exposure in mice lacking PVAT [47]. Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. There are two types of visceral adipose tissue: mesenteric and omental [18]. White adipose tissue is the principal tissue for energy storage in humans. Prospective study of a diabetes risk reduction diet and the risk of breast cancer, Risk of keratinocyte carcinomas with vitamin D and calcium supplementation: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, Late eating is associated with cardiometabolic risk traits, obesogenic behaviors, and impaired weight loss, About The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/, Supplement: Living Well to 100: Nutrition, Genetics, Inflammation, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Alterations in body weight and composition consequent to 20 wk of endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study, Severe vs moderate energy restriction with and without exercise in the treatment of obesity: efficiency of weight loss, Exercise during and after very-low-calorie dieting, Effects of cardiac stress during a very-low-calorie diet and exercise program in obese women. Finally, the key role of adipose tissue is shown by studies in transgenic animals or in animal models of diet-induced obesity that indicate the contribution of adipose tissue during the development of metabolic syndrome.

Thus, the activation of BAT phenotype in PVAT could be beneficial in order to prevent vascular diseases associated with obesity, such as hypertension and atherogenesis. B. Goldfine, “Inflammation and insulin resistance,”, X. Terra, T. Auguet, I. Quesada et al., “Increased levels and adipose tissue expression of visfatin in morbidly obese women: the relationship with pro-inflammatory cytokines,”, F. Gunes, E. Akbal, E. Cakir, O. Akyurek, M. Altunbas, and M. Ozbek, “Visfatin may be a novel marker for identifying stages of essential hypertension in advanced age patients,”, T. Romacho, C. F. Sánchez-Ferrer, and C. Peiró, “Visfatin/Nampt: an adipokine with cardiovascular impact,”, Y.-N. Chae, T.-H. Kim, M.-K. Kim et al., “Beneficial effects of evogliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, on adiposity with increased Ppargc1a in white adipose tissue in obese mice,”, K. Blaslov, T. Bulum, and L. Duvnjak, “Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity is associated with insulin resistance in type 1 diabetic patients,”, H. Sell, M. Blüher, N. Klöting et al., “Adipose dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and obesity: correlation with insulin resistance and depot-specific release from adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro,”, W. S. D. Silva Júnior, A. F. D. Godoy-Matos, and L. G. Kraemer-Aguiar, “Dipeptidyl peptidase 4: a new link between diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis?”, M. Ghorbani, T. H. Claus, and J. Himms-Hagen, “Hypertrophy of brown adipocytes in brown and white adipose tissues and reversal of diet-induced obesity in rats treated with a, C. Guerra, P. Navarro, A. M. Valverde et al., “Brown adipose tissue-specific insulin receptor knockout shows diabetic phenotype without insulin resistance,”, Y. Kontani, Y. Wang, K. Kimura et al., “UCP1 deficiency increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity with age,”, J. Obesity is the epidemic of the 21st century. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. It is well known that either endogenous overproduction of cortisol or exogenous administration of corticosteroids results in weight gain, with an increase in visceral fat deposition compared with peripheral fat (central obesity). Despite no change in basal oxygen consumption or mitochondrial DNA abundance, citrate synthase activity was decreased by more than 50%, and responses to FCCP were increased in WAT from mice fed a high-fat diet. 2006 Jan;290(1):E1-E8. In addition to sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, it has been described that BAT has sensory innervation; however, the information about the role of this innervation is scarce [29–31]. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username.

Liu, C.-X. IL-6 expression is also increased in obese adipose tissue; IL-6 expression in adipose tissue from obese individuals is 10-fold that in adipose tissue from lean individuals if normalized for the number of adipocytes present (49). B. Hansen and K. Kristiansen, “Regulatory circuits controlling white versus brown adipocyte differentiation,”, A. Bartelt, M. Merkel, and J. Heeren, “A new, powerful player in lipoprotein metabolism: brown adipose tissue,”, K. J. Williams, “Molecular processes that handle—and mishandle—dietary lipids,”, J. E. Hokanson and M. A. Austin, “Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies,”, A. D. Mooradian, “Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus,”, J. M. Fredriksson, H. Nikami, and J. Nedergaard, “Cold-induced expression of the VEGF gene in brown adipose tissue is independent of thermogenic oxygen consumption,”, J. R. D. Mitchell, A. Jacobsson, T. G. Kirchgessner, M. C. Schotz, B. Cannon, and J. Nedergaard, “Regulation of expression of the lipoprotein lipase gene in brown adipose tissue,”, V. Ouellet, S. M. Labbé, D. P. Blondin et al., “Brown adipose tissue oxidative metabolism contributes to energy expenditure during acute cold exposure in humans,”, I. G. Shabalina, A. Jacobsson, B. Cannon, and J. Nedergaard, “Native UCP1 displays simple competitive kinetics between the regulators purine nucleotides and fatty acids,”, O. S. Dallner, E. Chernogubova, K. A. Brolinson, and T. Bengtsson, “, H. Nikami, Y. Shimizu, D. Endoh, H. Yano, and M. Saito, “Cold exposure increases glucose utilization and glucose transporter expression in brown adipose tissue,”, Q. Hao, R. Yadav, A. L. Basse et al., “Transcriptome profiling of brown adipose tissue during cold exposure reveals extensive regulation of glucose metabolism,”, G. Ozen, A. Daci, X. Norel, and G. Topal, “Human perivascular adipose tissue dysfunction as a cause of vascular disease: focus on vascular tone and wall remodeling,”, N. K. Brown, Z. Zhou, J. Zhang et al., “Perivascular adipose tissue in vascular function and disease: a review of current research and animal models,”, A. Omar, T. K. Chatterjee, Y. Tang, D. Y. Hui, and N. L. Weintraub, “Proinflammatory phenotype of perivascular adipocytes,”, C. E. Bussey, S. B. Withers, R. G. Aldous, G. Edwards, and A. M. Heagerty, “Obesity-related perivascular adipose tissue damage is reversed by sustained weight loss in the rat,”, A. S. Greenstein, K. Khavandi, S. B. Withers et al., “Local inflammation and hypoxia abolish the protective anticontractile properties of perivascular fat in obese patients,”, R. Aghamohammadzadeh, R. D. Unwin, A. S. Greenstein, and A. M. Heagerty, “Effects of obesity on perivascular adipose tissue vasorelaxant function: nitric oxide, inflammation and elevated systemic blood pressure,”, E. C. Eringa, W. 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Schiffrin, “Endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and perivascular adipose oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to vascular dysfunction in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome,”, H. S. Sacks and J. N. Fain, “Human epicardial fat: what is new and what is missing?”, T. Mazurek, L. Zhang, A. Zalewski et al., “Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators,”, L. M. Redman and E. Ravussin, “Endocrine alterations in response to calorie restriction in humans,”, A. Howell, M. Chapman, and M. Harvie, “Energy restriction for breast cancer prevention,”, G. López-Lluch, N. Hunt, B. Jones et al., “Calorie restriction induces mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic efficiency,”, J. C. Seidell, “Environmental influences on regional fat distribution,”, K. A. Varady, S. Bhutani, M. C. Klempel, and C. M. Kroeger, “Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults,”, W. H. M. Saris, “Effects of energy restriction and exercise on the sympathetic nervous system,”, E. Zorba, T. Cengiz, and K. Karacabey, “Exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profile and serum insulin levels in obese children,”, B. Lamarche, J.-P. Despres, S. Moorjani et al., “Evidence for a role of insulin in the regulation of abdominal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase response to exercise training in obese women,”, A. Tremblay, A. Nadeau, J.-P. Després, L. St-Jean, G. Thériault, and C. Bouchard, “Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. Front Physiol. Ultrastructure of white adipose tissue from lean and obese mice. Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, et al. Hypercortisolinemia, additionally, results in hyperphagia, central obesity, high concentrations of VLDL, insulin resistance, and predisposition to diabetes. Epub 2015 Mar 6.

In contrast, if insulin-resistant mice are treated with physiologic concentrations of adiponectin, glucose tolerance is improved and insulin resistance is reduced (6). Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Recent discoveries, notably of the hormones leptin and adiponectin, have revised the notion that adipocytes are simply a storage depot for body energy.

Copyright © 2020 American Society for Nutrition. After 6 wk of a LFD or HFD, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were examined: glucose tolerance test (GTT; Effect of HFD on adipose tissue expansion and inflammation. The mitochondria from BAT use pyruvate for combustion whenever UCP-1 is activated by fatty acids [115]. In addition, in obesity and metabolic syndrome, PVAT loses its vasoregulatory capability due to a decreased release of vasodilator adipokines and a simultaneous increase in vasoconstrictor factors release [123].

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