The trial by jury is had in all the common law courts, and in some of the admiralty courts. “That which is now supported by examples, growing old, will become an example itself,”* and thus support fresh usurpations. Or what have they to dread, but insidious attempts to subvert their freedom? taxation is no part of the governing or legislative power”—“The taxes are a voluntary gift and grant of the commons alone.

“It is my opinion, that this kingdom has no right to lay A TAX upon the colonies”—“The Americans are the SONS, not the BASTARDS of England”—“The distinction between LEGISLATION and TAXATION is essentially necessary to liberty”—“The COMMONS of America, represented in their several assemblies, have ever been in possession of this their constitutional right, of GIVING AND GRANTING THEIR OWN MONEY. But I quit a subject, that would lead me too far from my purpose.

Gross Receipts Tax I am well aware, that writs of this kind may be granted at home, under the seal of the court of exchequer: But I know also, that the greatest asserters of the rights of Englishmen have always strenuously contended, that such a power was dangerous to freedom, and expressly contrary to the common law, which ever regarded a man’s house as his castle, or a place of perfect security. If no material taxes remain to be imposed by them, what must become of them, and the people they represent? It has been observed, that the people, in extensive territories, have more power, compared with that of their rulers, than in small states. paper).—ISBN 0-86597-203-6 (pbk. Before their settlement, our manufactures were few, and those but indifferent; the number of English merchants very small, and the whole shipping of the nation much inferior to what now belongs to the Northern Colonies only. for the common defense and general welfare, but all duties, imposts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States. I shall be open to conviction and always disposed to adopt that which, all things considered, shall appear to me to be most for the happiness of the community. 1. “Certain it is, that though they had before their eyes so many illustrious examples in their mother country, of the constant success attending firmness and perseverance, in opposition to dangerous encroachments on liberty, yet they quietly gave up a point of the LAST IMPORTANCE.

From what has been said, I think this uncontrovertible conclusion may be deduced, that when a ruling state obliges a dependent state to take certain commodities from her alone, it is implied in the nature of that obligation; is essentially requisite to give it the least degree of justice; and is inseparably united with it, in order to preserve any share of freedom to the dependent state; that those commodities should never be loaded with duties, for the sole purpose of levying money on the dependent state.

Chap. They CANNOT understand the reasoning that opposes their power and desires. This language is clear and important. The matter being thus stated, the assembly of New York either had, or had not, a right to refuse submission to that act. The powers in question neverEdition: current; Page: [169] have been, by nations wise and free, deposited, nor can they ever be, with safety, anywhere, but in the principal members of the national system; where these form one entire government, as in Great Britain, they are separated and lodged in the principal members of it. Not considering the Declaration of Independence. II Chap. "[16] The contradiction between the use of the slavery metaphor in Whig rhetoric and the existence of chattel slavery in America eventually contributed to the latter coming under increasing challenge during and after the revolution. The people of Great Britain consider that kingdom as the sovereign of these colonies, and would now annex to that sovereignty a prerogative never heard of before.

By art.

I rejoice to find that my two former letters to you have been generally received with so much favor by such of you, whose sentiments I have had an opportunity of knowing.

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