Americans involved with the Guadalcanal campaign formulated Maoist-sounding ideas … The victory of the Allies laid the foundation for the eventual surrender of Japan in World War II. The ground forces for the invasion would be under the leadership of Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift, with his 1st Marine Division forming the bulk of the 16,000 troops involved. To aid in this, Yamamoto made available eleven transports for Tanaka to transport 7,000 men to the island. In preparation for the operation, Vandegrift's men were shifted from the United States to New Zealand and forward bases were established or reinforced in the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Conceived by Admiral Ernest King, Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet, Operation Watchtower called for Allied troops to land in the Solomon Islands at Tulagi, Gavutu–Tanambogo, and Guadalcanal. Then, on August 19, another division of marines landed on the island, successfully encircling the villages and killing more than 65 Japanese soldiers, while on August 20, two more platoons of marines arrived at the airfield. The Battle of Guadalcanal was a major turning point in the Pacific theater of World War II. Assembling near Fiji on July 26, the Watchtower force consisted of 75 ships led by Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletcher with Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner overseeing the amphibious forces. Capturing Guadalcanal was vital for the Americans, to protect Australia from a Japanese invasion, and to secure the communication lines between Australia and the U.S. Critical to the island's defense, the aircraft at Henderson became known as the "Cactus Air Force" (CAF) in reference to Guadalcanal's code name. The Australian counteroffensive in New Guinea contributed to the capture of the islands of Buna and Gona, and eventually led to the Japanese losing out on every one of their captured islands. (This article first appeared in 2018.

This was one of the main reasons why the battle is so significant. On September 18, Vandegrift was further reinforced, though the carrier USS Wasp was sunk covering the convoy. But for all the innovations that these recent American wars have spawned (e.g., aerial drones, heavily-armored vehicles), it remains unclear that the lessons learned from small, counter-insurgency wars, such as Afghanistan, are actually applicable to high-intensity warfare of the type that might occur in a great power showdown. The Japanese also lost more than 38 ships, including 2 battleships, 4 cruisers, 1 light carrier, 11 destroyers, 6 submarines, and around 880 aircraft. The victory of the Allies laid the foundation for the eventual surrender of Japan in World War II. On the contrary, the Allies attacked the Japanese forces, taking them by surprise, and destroyed one of their cruisers, one of their warships, and a destroyer, at the end of which the Japanese were forced to retreat. ◆ The Australian land army had defeated the Japanese in New Guinea.

More and more mechanized reinforcements were used; the U.S. emerged as the foremost provider of ammunition and artillery. In two nights of brutal fighting, the Marines held, forcing the Japanese to retreat. The Allies got wind of the fact that the Japanese were planning further attacks, and thus began the naval battle of Guadalcanal. One might deduce from the above rendering that emergent Chinese naval and amphibious doctrine could quite possibly strongly prioritize intelligence, sensor development, firepower concentration and preparation, the interdiction of adversary logistics, amphibious tanks, as well as ship self-defense, including especially anti-submarine warfare. The failure to reinforce the island led to the abandonment of the November offensive.

This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. These attacks also resulted in the sinking of a transport, USS George F. Elliott, and a destroyer, USS Jarvis. The Japanese retreated west to the Matanikau River. The Japanese naval forces received heavy reinforcements and prepared to attack the Allies.

Tokyo seemingly maintained its offensive posture in the South Pacific without recognizing the fundamental fact of “the mobilization of America’s enormous industrial capacity.” The analysis asserts that much of the Japanese military was not even informed of the truly devastating results (for Japan) of Midway and that Tokyo’s decision-making was plagued by an incessant and pervasive cult of the offensive. These cookies do not store any personal information. The Guadalcanal campaign proved the tipping point in the Pacific War as henceforth, the U.S. was on the offensive, while the Japanese were forced on the defensive all the way to the Home Islands.

It not only affected the communication lines between the inland and the troops, but also severely affected the health of the soldiers―from the beginning right till the end. With the victory at Guadalcanal, the strategic initiative passed to the Allies for the remainder of the war. Realizing the enemy had departed, Patch declared the island secured on February 9. The article concludes that Japan’s “command decisions and weapons development errors greatly increased the losses [指挥决策和装备研发上的失误更是大大加速了失败],” together with fundamental problems in Japan’s strategic culture. You'd better hope so, and you'd better be prepared to repeat the exercise, because airfields have a tendency to repair themselves. ◆ The Battle of Guadalcanal involved a complicated series of battles on land, sea, and air. It has been nearly four decades since Beijing undertook a significant military campaign, so how would its armed forces have attained this knowledge? The opinions in his columns are entirely his own and do not reflect the official assessments of the U.S. Navy or any other agency of the U.S. government. This Historyplex post highlights the significance of the Battle of Guadalcanal. Exploiting the victory at Henderson Field, Vandegrift began an offensive across the Matanikau. This "limited fire preparation" [有限火力准备] proved ineffective. Initially, the unfavorable climatic conditions forced the Americans to cease any form of communication with the Japanese; thus, for the first 24 hours after landing, there was no war on the island of Guadalcanal. This points to one of the frustrating aspects of the Guadalcanal campaign from the Japanese perspective -- decisive results didn't seem to be achievable. As a part of their strategic initiative, the Japanese found it inevitable to extend their control to the central Pacific area, from where they could threaten Australia or the West Coast of the U.S. Guadalcanal is situated in the far east of the Solomon islands, in the Central Pacific area. The Battle of Guadalcanal involved a complicated series of battles on land, sea, and air. Sign up to receive the latest and greatest articles from our site automatically each week (give or take)...right to your inbox. Some U.S. troops decided to withdraw the rest of the ships, but were subjected to a surprise attack by the Japanese on the night of August 8. Several thousand soldiers were reported to have died from tropical diseases.

It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. On that evening, the two forces collided and Rear Admiral Norman Scott won a victory at the Battle of Cape Esperance. Lyle J. Goldstein is a research professor in the China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI) at the United States Naval War College in Newport, RI. In response to the Allied landings, Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake, commander of the 17th Army at Rabaul, began shifting troops to the island. The hot, tropical climate of the island was too much for both parties. As the CAF controlled the skies around the island during daylight hours, the Japanese were compelled to deliver supplies and troops to the island using destroyers. China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has sought to remedy its lack of actual combat experience by the careful study of military history, including the bloody Pacific War as I have noted in other Dragon Eye columns. The situation on Guadalcanal was different as Vandegrift landed with 11,000 men against minimal opposition. On August 24 and 25, both sides were engaged in what is termed as the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, wherein the Japanese launched an air raid over the island, and the Americans destroyed a Japanese warship. The attack was renewed on January 10 with troops also striking ridges known as the Seahorse and the Galloping Horse. (3)Guadalcanal was the first battle in the American amphibious campaign to liberate the Pacific from Japanese occupation. This battle was one of the longer-lasting battles in the Pacific theater. Dubbed the Battle of Henderson Field, his attacks were thrown back with massive losses numbering 2,200-3,000 killed against less than 100 Americans. Tanaka's remaining four transports beached themselves at Tassafaronga before dawn but were quickly destroyed by Allied aircraft. ◆ Reportedly, the U.S. lost approximately 7,000 men. The Chinese analysis notes, moreover, that Japanese assaults on Guadalcanal achieved neither stealth nor surprise. Allied command decisions made Guadalcanal the turning point in the war in the Pacific, and through sacrifice and determination they achieved just that. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies.

Wading ashore against no resistance, the Marines began securing the island and engaged enemy forces led by Captain Shigetoshi Miyazaki. This was occasionally effective but caused Japan to be lag behind in the vital trend of radar development, in which the Americans proved adept. They also lost more than 29 ships―8 cruisers, 2 heavy carriers, 14 destroyers, and 615 aircraft.

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