Moosage, R, A prose of ambivalence: liberation struggle discourse on necklacing in Kronos (Bellville), Vol.36 No.1, Cape Town, November 2010. This sense of frustration and over time the deterioration of basic conditions were some reasons for mutinous outbreaks in Angola.

Potlako K Leballo, a founder member of the PAC who testified in the treason trial of Kombona, implicated the ANC in the plot. Cadres were deployed on two-hour rotational shifts. The following morning the soldiers performed their sweep but failed to find the enemy, who were already gone. The Union brought together the defeated independent Boer republics and British colonies. The outbreak of the Student uprising in June 1976 and the heavy handed response by the South African government forced hundreds of youth to flee into exile in Lesotho. During the day cadres received weapons training, which amongst other things involved assembling and disassembling weapons such as AK47s and pistols, and using them in training.

This was the MK underground house in Lusaka, Nychonga compound.”. The South African government intervened and asked the prosecutor not to oppose bail. There was widespread suspicion about the military government and its links to the apartheid government. They joined the ANC and other liberation movements, creating a pool of foot soldiers who then launched attacks inside South Africa. The government’s determination to enforce apartheid despite criticism from the Commonwealth of Nations led to the NP’s unilateral declaration of independence from Britain and pulling out of the Commonwealth in 1961. Names of those killed in Swaziland or abducted from Swaziland and killed in SA. Though committed to the principle of supporting liberation movements in African colonies, efforts of some African countries were limited by their economic weakness and dependence on their former colonial masters. When the South African Union was established in 1910, three protectorates were established and excluded from the Union. Odendaal, A, (1984), The Beginnings of Black protest Politics in South Africa to 1912, (Cape Town) pp.134, Nxumalo, A, (2011), Deep ties between ANC and Swazi monarchy, from the Times of Swaziland, 25 July, [online] Available at www.times.co.sz  [Accessed 21 July 2011], Vail L, (1991), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, (University of California Press), p.293-299. Albeit the outdated intelligence that they were acting on, the SADF carried an operation on     23 August 1984 targeting the ANC in the town of Namacha which was located at the confluence of Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland. On 14 March 1979 the South African Air Force bombed the Novo Catengue camp with accuracy, killing one Cuban soldier and one MK member and injuring 14 others. MK and ANC operatives in Swaziland were a vital link between the movement and the local population. 1, 3rd edition, Harcourt Brace College Publishing: ISBN 0-15-567425-0 or Paul Brians, et al. SOMAFCO was also the site of other projects. FORWARD TO VICTORY OR DEATH! Cross border raids and assassination of activists. Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) was formed and had its debut in December of the same year. 695/89. The Isandlwana Detachment, named after the Battle of Isandlwana, – when the Zulu regiments defeated the British forces in 1879 – was another unit that came out of Angola. The group was split into two, one group was to head for South Africa to establish bases while the other would remain in Southern Rhodesia to support MK cadres that would follow.

Umkhonto we Sizwe president Kebby Maphatsoe has defended demonstrating Umkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans Association (MKMVA) members who disrupted traffic on … In May 1961, Tanganyika was granted autonomy and Nyerere became the Prime Minister with full powers under a new constitution. MK leader Maphatsoe defends MKMVA members who disrupted traffic on N12 JOHANNESBURG - Umkhonto we Sizwe president Kebby Maphatsoe has defended demonstrating Umkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans Association (MKMVA) members who disrupted traffic on the N12 on Monday morning. Tambo was re-elected as president of the ANC. On 17 February 1982 King Sobhuza II signed a secret agreement with South Africa. The combined force surrounded the guerrillas and opened fire, killing four; the fifth escaped and returned to Zambia. The banning of the ANC forced the members not just to go underground but also to go into exile and their first haven was the newly independent Tanzania.

Among the tasks of the commission was finding “the root cause of the disturbances; the nature and genuineness of the grievances; outside or enemy involvement; their aim and methods of work; and ringleaders and their motives”. Among those expelled were leading members of the ANC’s intelligence unit, who South Africa regarded as critical for the party’s Lesotho-based activities. Suspicions regarding his death spawned rumours that he was murdered by fellow comrades. Brenman, J, R, Burton, A &Lawi, Y, (2007), Dar es Salaam: histories from an emerging African metropolis, (Dar-es Salaam), pp.49-51. Nickel was officially closed at 06:00 on 8 September 1967.

Some of its members, together with those of the PAC, fled the heavy handed state crackdown on political activists and went to Lesotho. Anna Abdallah, with permission from the central government, donated 2800 hectares of land to the ANC. Just prior to an attack several members of the ANC were moved from Nova Katengue to Pango another camp north of Luanda. Several leaders of the Zimbabwean liberation movement who were without prospects of obtaining higher education in Rhodesia went to study in South Africa in the 1950s, most of them at the University of Fort Hare.

On 28 June 1984, Jeannette Schoon and her six-year old daughter Katryn were killed by a parcel bomb at their home in Lubango, northern Angola. Truth and Reconciliation of South Africa Report, Volume 2, p.18. In addition, small agricultural projects were initiated and between 1988 and 1989 the garment factory in Mazimbu was moved to Dakawa. Putting further strain on the relationship, South African security forces launched an attack in Mogodisane, located just outside Gaborone, on 19 May 1986. In the aftermath of the Sharpeville Massacre, the government banned the ANC and the PAC in South Africa.

Despite Lesotho’s economic dependence on South Africa, Jonathan Lebua repeatedly criticised the South African Government’s policy of apartheid and declared his support for the prohibited ANC. After the raid the SADF claimed it had destroyed ANC bases and killed 41 'ANC terrorists'. Comrades against apartheid: the ANC & the South African Communist Party in exile, 1964),  President Kaunda takes power in Zambia, Mandela Refuses to Make Concessions to Pretoria, Oliver Tambo: beyond the Engeli Mountains, The diplomacy of liberation: the foreign relations of the African National, From the barrel of a gun: the United States and the war against Zimbabwe 1965-1980, Sweden and national liberation in Southern Africa: Solidarity and Assistance, Volume 2, The role of Umkhonto we Sizwe in the creation of a democratic civil-military relations tradition, Friends for life, friends for death: cohorts and consciousness among the Lunda -Ndembu, Truth and Reconciliation of South Africa Report, From Protest to Challenge, Volume 6: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882-1990, Volume 6, ANC NWC condemns attempts to besmirch Zuma's name. Some guerrillas retreated to Zambia, while 23 were killed and others were captured.

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