392, 397 (WDNC 1992). Contacting Justia or any attorney through this site, via web form, email, or otherwise, does not create an attorney-client relationship. App. Id., at 477.

See id., at 55,58. See, e. g., White v. Regester, 412 U. S. 755, 765-766 (1973); Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U. S. 124, 153-155 (1971). Our voting rights precedents support that conclusion. UJO concerned New York's revision of a reapportionment plan to include additional majority-minority districts in response to the Attorney General's denial of administrative preclearance under § 5.

Nevertheless, there was no fencing out of the white population from participation in the political processes of the county, and the. 430 U. S., at 165. I have no doubt that a State's compliance with the Voting Rights Act clearly constitutes a compelling interest. Post, at 678 (STEVENS, J., dissenting). practice questions in 1L, 2L, & 3L subjects, as well as 16,500+ case 3. to Brief for Federal Appellees 16a. Id., at 139. 461, 476 (EDNC 1992) (Voorhees, C. J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), and a "bug splattered on a windshield," Wall Street Journal, Feb. 4, 1992, p. A14. 4 The Court's opinion suggests that African-Americans may now be the only group to which it is unconstitutional to offer specific benefits from redistricting. The State chose to submit its plan to the Attorney General for preclearance. Grofman, Would Vince Lombardi Have Been Right If He Had Said: ''When It Comes to Redistricting, Race Isn't Everything, It's the Only Thing"?, 14 Cardozo L. Rev. The majority resolved the case under the Fifteenth Amendment. But even assuming that it does, there is no question that appellants have not alleged the requisite discriminatory effects. We also do not decide. Cf. Racial classifications with respect to voting carry particular dangers. 92-357. As for the second question, I believe that the Equal Protection Clause is violated when the State creates the kind of uncouth district boundaries seen in Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U. S. 725 (1983), Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U. S. 339 (1960), and this case, for the sole purpose of making it more difficult for members of a minority group to win an election.2 The.

shaw v reno ap gov frq. Five of the eight Justices who participated in the decision resolved the case under the framework the Court previously had adopted for vote-dilution cases. We note, however, that only three Justices in UJO were prepared to say that States have a significant interest in minimizing the consequences of racial bloc voting apart from the requirements of the Voting Rights Act. They also stated: "'Our argument is ... that the history of the area demonstrates that there could be-and in fact was-no reason other than race to divide the community at this time.'" 42 U. S. C. § 1973; see Thornburg v. Gingles, 478 U. S. 30 (1986) (applying amended § 2 to vote-dilution claim involving multimember districts); see also Voinovich v. Quilter, 507 U. S. 146, 155 (1993) (single-member districts). APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA. See ante, at 647. Finally, like New York, North Carolina reacted by modifying its plan and creating additional majority-minority districts. cases of electoral districting and one for most other types of state governmental decisions. The first of the two majority-black districts contained in the revised plan, District 1, is somewhat hook shaped. The North Carolina Republican Party and individual voters brought suit in Federal District Court, alleging that the plan constituted an unconstitutional political gerrymander under Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U. S. 109 (1986). Wygant, supra, at 295 (WHITE, J., concurring in judgment). When an assumption that people in a particular minority group (whether they are defined by the political party, religion, ethnic group, or race to which they belong) will vote in a particular way is used to benefit that group, no constitutional violation occurs. I doubt that this constitutes a discriminatory purpose as defined in the Court's equal protection cases-i. As Justice Douglas explained in his dissent in Wright v. Rockefeller nearly 30 years ago: "Here the individual is important, not his race, his creed, or his color. SHAW ET AL.

In Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U. S., at 149, we searched in vain for evidence that black voters "had less opportunity than did other ... residents to participate in the political processes and to elect legislators of their choice." 91-2038, p. 43a (Complaint in Pope v. Blue, No. A reapportionment statute typically does not classify persons at all; it classifies tracts of land, or addresses. 15, § 1. Because the holding is limited to such anomalous circumstances, ante, at 649, it perhaps will not substantially hamper a State's legitimate efforts to redistrict in favor of racial minorities. APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA, No. See, e. g., Wygant v. Jackson Ed.

Appellants point out that blacks currently hold the positions of State Auditor, Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives, and chair of the North Carolina State Board of Elections. Id., at 313. Yet, under the State's plan, they still constitute a voting majority in 10 (or 83%) of the 12 congressional districts. As stated above, five Justices were of the view that, absent any contention that the proposed plan was adopted with the intent, or had the effect, of unduly minimizing the white majority's voting strength, the Fourteenth Amendment was not implicated.

Clause" (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., 500 U. S. 614, 630-631 (1991) ("If our society is to continue to progress as a multiracial democracy, it must recognize that the automatic invocation of race stereotypes retards that progress and causes continued hurt and injury"). Of the following two options-creation of two minority influence districts or of a single majority-minority district-is one "narrowly tailored" and the other not? Appellants sought declaratory and injunctive relief against the state appellees. SHAW ET AL. to Juris. Second, JUSTICE STEVENS argues that racial gerrymandering poses no constitutional difficulties when district lines are drawn to favor the minority, rather than the majority. Statement, O. T. 1991, No. 1237, 1261, n. 96 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted). briefs keyed to 223 law school casebooks. BLACKMUN, J., post, p. 676, STEVENS, J., post, p. 676, and SOUTER, J., post, p. 679, filed dissenting opinions. ); id., at 175-179 (Brennan, J., concurring in part); id., at 180 (Stewart, J., concurring in judgment). 808 F. In the Attorney General's view, the General Assembly could have created a second majorityminority district "to give effect to black and Native American voting strength in this area" by using boundary lines "no more irregular than [those] found elsewhere in the proposed plan," but failed to do so for "pretextual reasons." That concession is wise: This Court never has held that race-conscious state decisionmaking is impermissible in all circumstances. The Attorney General, acting through the Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, interposed a formal objection to the General Assembly's plan. Statement 89a-90a; see also Brief for Appellants 31-32. The essence of the majority's argument is that UJO dealt with a claim of vote dilution-which required a specific showing of harm-and that cases such as Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U. S. 339 (1960), and Wright v. Rockefeller, 376 U. S. 52 (1964), dealt with claims of racial segregation-which did not. Ante, at 658. That sort of race consciousness does not lead inevitably to impermissible race discrimination. Rather, the issue is whether the classification based on race discriminates. Then click here. Ibid. Where members of a racial minority group vote as a cohesive unit, practices such as multimember or atlarge electoral systems can reduce or nullify minority voters' ability, as a group, "to elect the candidate of their choice." Congress, too, responded to the problem of vote dilution. (referring variously to "strict scrutiny," "the standard of review employed in Wygant," and "heightened scrutiny"); id., at 520 (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment) ("strict scrutiny"); id., at 535 (Marshall, J., dissenting) (classifications" 'must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to achievement of those objectives'" (quoting Regents of Univ. If the allegation of racial gerrymandering remains uncontradicted, the District Court further must determine whether the North Carolina plan is narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest.

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