S Hence, BCG does not impact the transmission of Mtb.

[9]In Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall, Mycolic acid can be divided into three categories: alpha-myolic acid, methoxyl-myolic acid, and ketone-myolic acid (figure.3).

Chan WS, Au CH, Chung Y, Leung HCM, Ho DN, Wong EYL, Lam TW, Chan TL, Ma ESK, Tang BSF. Reiling B doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70361-4. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Cord factor is formed by a trehalose sugar and a disaccharide that esterified to two mycolic acid (Figure 4). Nunn C

S et al. In the majority of individuals, the pathogen is controlled at this stage by the immune system and does not spread further: LTBI is established.

Yet, the decisive survival factor of Mtb is its capacity to persist in the host for long periods of time, both during noncontagious LTBI and contagious active TB before it is spread. Ferrari WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project, Iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase inhibits host responses to, Mycobacterial survival strategies in the phagosome: defence against host stresses, A soluble ATP-dependent proteolytic system responsible for the degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes, Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies, Studies on the treatment of tuberculosis undertaken by the British Medical Research Council tuberculosis units, 1946–1986, with relevant subsequent publications, The germination-specific lytic enzymes SleB, CwlJ1, and CwlJ2 each contribute to, A novel mycolic acid cyclopropane synthetase is required for cording, persistence, and virulence of, Increased vaccine efficacy against tuberculosis of recombinant, The biogenesis of multivesicular endosomes, Functional significance of zinc-related signaling pathways in immune cells, Mouse model of necrotic tuberculosis granulomas develops hypoxic lesions, Regulation of vacuolar pH and its modulation by some microbial species, Long-chain multiple methyl-branched fatty acid-containing lipids of.

Adherence to long-term antituberculosis therapy is crucial for maintaining adequate blood drug level and drug resistance can easily evolve from mycobacterium tuberculosis if the patients apply durg inadequately [25], In general, there are two different steps in the treatment of tuberculosis can be recognized, the initial (bactericidal) phase and the continuation (sterilizing) phase. Levillain & Hoffner SE (, Vergne

Note that TB histopathology of non-human primates most closely resembles active TB in humans (Leong et al., ). Regrowth of these VBNC organisms was only supported in spent media taken from exponentially growing Mtb (Shleeva et al., ). Accumulation of triacylglycerol droplets might therefore be important during dormancy and could be useful for the identification of dormant mycobacteria.  |  Redford RL & Steyn AJ (, Kurtz Mtb is typically diagnosed by microscopy in the sputum of active TB patients. EC

Other risk factors include alcoholism and poor nutrition. DG This could explain the prolonged treatment time required to cure disease. Liao Turapov A Autophagy is an essential mechanism for host cell integrity that can also serve as defense mechanism against bacterial pathogens (Deretic, ; Levine et al., ). Primary infection can: (1) progress toward active disease; (2) be contained as latent infection; (3) be eradicated by the host's immune system. Similarly, germination of spores of Bacillus anthracis begins with hydrolysis of the cell wall (Giebel et al., ). I Although T lymphocytes are the critical mediators of protection in TB, B lymphocytes are also abundant. & Deretic V (, Vergne PT Rand

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