Brainwashing is defined as using methods to systematically changing attitudes or altering beliefs. [38], Kathleen Barry, co-founder of the United Nations NGO, the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW),[39][40] prompted international awareness of human sex trafficking in her 1979 book Female Sexual Slavery. Cults and large group awareness trainings have generated considerable controversy because of their widespread use of deceptive and indirect techniques of persuasion and control.

[25][26] The 1969 to 1971 case of Charles Manson, who was said to have brainwashed his followers to commit murder and other crimes, brought the issue to renewed public attention. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. The report showed how the Secretary of Defense’s 2002 authorization of the aggressive techniques at Guantánamo led to their use in Afghanistan and in Iraq, including at Abu Ghraib. Scholars of Cults Accuse Each Other of Bad Faith", "To Keep Them Out of Harm's Way? Hunter was an outspoken anticommunist and was alleged to be a CIA agent working undercover as a journalist. After several weeks of captivity she agreed to join the group and took part in their activities. [55][56] Barker spent close to seven years studying Unification Church members and wrote that she rejects the "brainwashing" theory, because it explains neither the many people who attended a recruitment meeting and did not become members, nor the voluntary disaffiliation of members. "[100], The science fiction stories of Cordwainer Smith (pen name of Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (1913-1966), a US Army officer who specialized in military intelligence and psychological warfare) depict brainwashing to remove memories of traumatic events as a normal and benign part of future medical practice. [99] In The Manchurian Candidate the head brainwasher is "Dr. [3][4], The term "brainwashing" was first used in English by Edward Hunter in 1950 to describe how the Chinese government appeared to make people cooperate with them. [33], In 2003, the brainwashing defense was used unsuccessfully in the defense of Lee Boyd Malvo, who was charged with murder for his part in the D.C. sniper attacks. Learn about our remote access options. The use of brainwashing theories in conservatorship cases was deemed inadmissible as a result of the Katz v. Superior Court (1977) ruling.

APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control, Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, Unethical human experimentation in the United States, "Report of the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control (DIMPAC report)", "Mind Control: Psychological Reality or Mindless Rhetoric? Cults and brainwashing are more common than you might think. ("Menticide" is a neologism coined by him meaning: "killing of the mind.") [50] Another adherent to this view, Jean-Marie Abgrall was criticized by forensic psychologist Dick Anthony for allegedly employing a pseudo-scientific approach and lacking any evidence that anyone's worldview was substantially changed by these coercive methods. And in the end courts, including in Israel, rejected expert witnesses who claimed there is "brainwashing. [15], The U.S. military and government laid charges of brainwashing in an effort to undermine confessions made by POWs to war crimes, including biological warfare. [44][45][46] News media reports tended to support the brainwashing view[47] and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed revised models of mind control. Peter Clarke.

[102] Terry O'Brien commented: "Mind control is such a powerful image that if hypnotism did not exist, then something similar would have to have been invented: The plot device is too useful for any writer to ignore. “Cults”, calamities and psychological consequences. p. 426, Phil Zuckerman. Learn about this topic in these articles: comparison with brainwashing. It can also be a theme in science fiction and in political and corporate culture, but is not generally accepted as a scientific term. [78][79][80][81][82][83], In his 2000 book, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, Robert Lifton applied his original ideas about thought reform to Aum Shinrikyo and the War on Terrorism, concluding that in this context thought reform was possible without violence or physical coercion. [23], A bipartisan Senate Armed Services Committee report, released in part in December 2008 and in full in April 2009, reported that US military trainers who came to Guantánamo Bay in December 2002 had based an interrogation class on a chart copied from a 1957 Air Force study of "Chinese Communist" brainwashing techniques. Typically, conservatorship cases involved the elderly, mainly those suffering from dementia-related illnesses. The fear of mind control is equally as powerful an image.

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