[13] In the harmonic series, overtones of a fundamental tonic tone occur as integer multiples of the tonic frequency. [19] The barbershop quartet idiom also appears to have arisen from African American origins. This bending or glide between the two tones is an essential characteristic of the blues.[2][3][9][10][11]. The relationship between just and equal temperament tuning is conveniently expressed using the 12 tone equal temperament cents system. Like the blues in general, the blue notes can mean many things.

In D. Evans (Ed. A blue note may even be marked by a microtonal shake of a kind common in Oriental music. One quality that they all have in common, however, is that they are lower than one would expect, classically speaking. Typically the alteration is between a quartertone and a semitone, but this varies depending on the musical context. [20][19] It was a surprising finding that 9/5 was a much more common tonal location although both were used in the blues sometimes within the same song.[17]. [17] This note is commonly slurred with a perfect third at 5/4 (386 cents)[17] in what Temperley et al. Again, this may be a microtonal, almost imperceptible affair, or it may be a slur between notes a semitone apart, so that there is actually not one blue note but two. [14] In African cultures just intonation scales are the norm rather than the exception. On the one hand, it may be a microtonal affair of a quarter-tone or so. It has recently been found empirically to center at 6/5 (316 cents) based on cluster analysis of a large number of blue notes from early blues recordings. Prime number harmonics greater than 3 are all perceptually different than 12 tone equal temperament notes as described in the harmonic series entry in this encyclopedia. But this flatness may take several forms. [18] refer to as a "neutral third". It may involve a glide, either upward or do… ), "Blues music theory and the songs of Robert Johnson: ladder, level and chromatic cycle", "Two Approaches to Tonal Space in the Music of Muddy Waters: Two Approaches to Tonal Space", "Microtonal Analysis of "Blue Notes" and the Blues Scale", "Mediant mixture and "blue notes" in rock: An exploratory study", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195116724.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_note&oldid=982057826, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 October 2020, at 22:58. A musical tour of Blue Note Records that traces the evolution of the label from Early Jazz thru Bebop, Hard Bop, Post-Bop, Soul Jazz, Avant-Garde, Fusion & into the vibrant sounds of now.

This is essential for many auditory activities such as understanding speech (see formant) and perceiving tonal music. Blue notes are also prevalent in English folk music. [17] The eleventh harmonic (i.e. On the other hand, the lowering may be by a full semitone—as it must be, of course, on keyboard instruments.

One quality that they all have in common, however, is that they are lower than one would expect, classically speaking. [17] Kubik[9] and Curry[10] proposed 7/4 as it is commonly heard in the barbershop quartet harmonic seventh chord. ", "Happy" and "Sweet About Me". It should not be surprising that blue notes are not represented accurately in the 12 tone equal temperament system which is made up of a cycle of very slightly flatted perfect fifths (i.e. The blue "lowered seventh" appears to have two common locations at 7/4 (969 cents) and 9/5 (1018 cents). Like the blues in general, the blue notes can mean many things. In the case of the lowered third over the root (or the lowered seventh over the dominant), the resulting chord is a neutral mixed third chord.

Bourdon, blue notes, and pentatonicism in the blues: An Africanist perspective. 11/8 or 551 cents) as put forward by Kubik[9] and Curry[10] is also possible as it is in the middle of the slur between the perfect fourth at 4/3 and 7/5. [16][7] The result has been a uniquely American music which is still widely practiced in its original form and is at the foundation of another – American jazz. Blue notes are used in many blues songs, in jazz, and in conventional popular songs with a "blue" feeling, such as Harold Arlen's "Stormy Weather". The blue notes are usually said to be the lowered third, lowered fifth, and lowered seventh scale degrees. Kubik, G. (2008). It is therefore convenient to express musical intervals in this system as integer ratios (e.g. Here one may speak of neutral intervals, neither major nor minor. Humans naturally learn the harmonic series as infants. [15] As the blues appears to have derived from a cappella field hollers of African slaves it would be expected that its notes would be of just intonation origin closely related to the musical scales of western Africa. [16][7][9], The blue "lowered third" has been speculated to be from 7/6 (267 cents)[9][10] to 350 cents[12] above the tonic tone. On the other hand, the lowering may be by a full semitone—as it must be, of course, on keyboard instruments. [4] Though the blues scale has "an inherent minor tonality, it is commonly 'forced' over major-key chord changes, resulting in a distinctively dissonant conflict of tonalities". Just intonation musical intervals derive directly from the harmonic series. This "raised fourth" is most commonly expressed at 7/5 (583 cents). The blue "lowered fifth" has been found to be quite separate from the perfect fifth and clusters with the perfect fourth with which it is commonly slurred. It may involve a glide, either upward or downward.

Just intonation is common in music of other cultures such as the 17 tone Arabic scale and the 22 tone Indian classical music scale. In jazz and blues, a blue note is a note that—for expressive purposes—is sung or played at a slightly different pitch from standard.

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