Med Hypotheses. 2015;10:13. Eur J Trauma. Nature. 2018 Jun;17(6):1196-1206. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-0682. Source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and various signalling pathways regulating MSC differentiation. J. Appl. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2017;8:25482–99. PubMed Central  Improving the expansion and neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through culture surface modification. Glioblastoma (GBM), which has the worst prognosis, only has a 14.6-month median survival rate [7]. Kosaka H, Ichikawa T, Kurozumi K, et al. Cytotherapy. Hepatology. 2017;8:58309–21. Miloradovic D, Miloradovic D, Markovic BS, Acovic A, Harrell CR, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Volarevic V. Stem Cells Int. Temozolomide is the most common and effective chemotherapy agent for patients with malignant gliomas, but the results depend on the promoter methylation status of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) [5]. Overexpression of CXC chemokine receptors is required for the superior glioma-tracking property of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Lett. Therefore, these results suggest that MSCs expressing TRAIL could provide an interesting approach for anti-glioma therapy. Recently, some new mechanisms, including miRNAs [40, 41] and lncRNAs [42], were reported to regulate the biological features. Among the cell types that can be used for this purpose, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as promising source of stem cells in personalized cell-based therapies. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Various therapy approaches could suppress the growth of gliomas through different mechanisms, such as immunotherapy, suicide protein therapy, virus-based therapy, cytotoxic factor-based therapy, and anti-angiogenesis therapy, which are discussed more in the following sections.

Subsequently, Sun et al.

2014;5:8. Over the past decades, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has been intensively investigated and shown promising results in the treatment of various diseases due to their easy isolation, multiple lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory effects. J. Neural Regen Res. HSV-tk expressing mesenchymal stem cells exert bystander effect on human glioblastoma cells. 2014;34:729–34. Codrici E, Enciu AM, Popescu ID, et al. The gbMSCs secrete different factors dependent on the inter-cellular cross-talk and hypoxia conditions [83].

Main Text Introduction. -, Friedenstein A. J., Chailakhjan R. K., Lalykina K. S. The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells. 2014;454:524–30. The HSV-TK/GCV system has been most reported in glioma treatment. Multiple signalling pathways and cytokines have also been found to be involved in lineage commitment. 1998;279:1528–30. Langroudi L, Hassan ZM, Soleimani M, et al. Radiotherapy has been performed to treat patients with intra-cranial tumours since the 1950s [6], but the technology has been slow to develop, and one of the hallmarks of this disease is radiotherapy-resistant glioma stem cells (GSCs) [4]. Stem cell-based therapies exhibit profound therapeutic potential for treating various human diseases, including cancer.
Studies have shown that MSCs expressing TRAIL could migrate towards a glioma, maintain their stem-like properties, induce the cytotoxic effects of glioma cells, and show prolonged survival in glioma animal models. CAS  This combined treatment significantly inhibited tumour growth and prolonged survival compared with glioma-bearing mice treated with MSC-TK in the absence of valproic acid (VPA) [58, 59]. explored intra-tumoural injection by combining genetically modified MSCs expressing rCE with CPT-11.

2012;48:129–37. Fan C, Wang D, Zhang Q, et al. An increasing number of basic studies on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for gliomas has yielded complex outcomes.

Ren JG, Jie C, Talbot C. How PEDF prevents angiogenesis: a hypothesized pathway.

In addition, there are close interactions between MSCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Stem Cells Dev. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;8:242–5. eCollection 2020. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Article  2001;142:4026–39. The results showed that the therapy more effectively prolonged the survival of brain stem glioma-bearing rats than did treatment using only CPT-11 [64]. Wick W, Platten M, Meisner C, et al. 1999;13:2072–86. 2005;64:74–8. J Gene Med. Springer Nature. TRAIL-engineered bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: TRAIL expression and cytotoxic effects on C6 glioma cells. -, Murphy M. B., Moncivais K., Caplan A. I. Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine.
Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990–2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. The expression of Wnt-inhibitor DKK1 (Dickkopf 1) is determined by intercellular crosstalk and hypoxia in human malignant gliomas. In another attempt to target the immune system, Nakamizo et al. autophagy; mesenchymal stem cells; mitochondrial; rejuvenation; senescence; telomere. J Orthop Res. Downregulation of Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule (MCAM/CD146) Accelerates Cellular Senescence in Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. These immune cells then inhibit the anti-tumour immune responses of T cells [43]. Quantifying Senescence-Associated Phenotypes in Primary Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Cultures. found that the conditioned medium from phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) mRNA-engineered MSCs induced U251 cell death via PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways in vitro [76]. 2008;105:13906–11. This review provides a summary of currently open and recruiting MSC-based immune-therapy studies for gliomas, as shown in Table 2.The patterns of MSC-based therapy studies for glioma are particularly illuminated in Fig. Copyright © 2020 Zhou, Hong, Zhang and Li. Cord blood stem cell-mediated induction of apoptosis in glioma downregulates X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). In this review, we summarise the biological characteristics of human mesenchymal stem cells, and the current status and potential challenges of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in patients with malignant gliomas. Identified 50 years ago, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) immediately generated a substantial interest among the scientific community because of their differentiation plasticity and hematopoietic supportive function. Intratumoral IL-7 delivery by mesenchymal stromal cells potentiates IFNgamma-transduced tumor cell immunotherapy of experimental glioma. Tang XJ, Lu JT, Tu HJ, et al. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol.

Oncotarget. -, Alexander E. (2013). 2003;425:244–5. This approach entails mRNA encoding a pro-drug-activating enzyme (suicide protein) transduced into MSCs, the injection of these MSCs into the tumour sites, and the subsequent conversion of non-toxic pro-drugs into toxic pro-drugs, leading to regression of tumour cells in vivo [52, 53]. Authors Xueke Zhou 1 2 , Yimei Hong 1 , Hao Zhang 3 , Xin Li 1 2 Affiliations 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of … Friedenstein AJ, Piatetzky S II, Petrakova KV. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1970.tb00347.x. Angiogenesis is an important characteristic event in the development and progression of gliomas. One novel strategy of tumour treatment is to induce apoptosis of tumour cells. However, many aspects concerning MSC therapy should be profoundly defined. 2018;495:78–85. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2015;33:2400–15. PTEN-mRNA engineered mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cytotoxic effects on U251 glioma cells. Shahar T, Rozovski U, Hess KR, et al. Breznik B, Motaln H, Vittori M, et al. 2012;13:707–15. Delivery of therapeutic proteins via extracellular vesicles: review and potential treatments for Parkinson's disease, glioma, and schwannoma. These strategies should provide an enhanced therapeutic effect for malignant gliomas. Mesenchymal stem cells share molecular signature with mesenchymal tumor cells and favor early tumor growth in syngeneic mice. Brain tumor survival: results from the National Cancer Data Base. 2017 Dec;6(12):2115-2125. doi: 10.1002/sctm.17-0138. 1998;40:151–60. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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