The vizier himself, Joseph, also sends loaded donkeys, not camels, to his father in Canaan.

970 BCE, a date very close to the 930-900 BCE time frame specified in the TAU study. The concern of this essay focused on the intrusion of the TAU study into the subject of the veracity of the biblical narratives, particularly those in Genesis. During the years of famine in Egypt, we are informed that the people brought their livestock to Joseph, horses, sheep, cattle and donkeys (47:17). Camel, either of three species of ruminating hoofed mammals of arid Africa and Asia known for their ability to go for long periods without drinking. The process of selective breeding is inherently a genetic one, whether the ancient human overseers understood this or not. The camels were there as a visual display of that great wealth, they represented a large component of the wealth of his master in his hand. This fine definition by J. Clutton-Brock, For much of what follows see excellent reviews in. The reasonable conclusion is that the narratives at issue were first recorded contemporaneously with the events they describe. 11:4, Deut. We also encountered quite a few occurrences where the presence of the camel would have had a beneficial impact but is conspicuously absent from the narrative. <> Jacob converses with the locals at the well; they speak of watering sheep, not camels. Turning now to the rest of the Pentateuch, we note that the appearance of camels in the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy on the list of prohibited (to eat) animals (Lev. But camels, unlike donkeys and horses, are very much adapted to just such conditions. Considering the many campaigns engaged in by Saul, it is reasonable to allot a significant number of years, say about thirty, to his reign. <> Domestication always leads, over time, to a vast increase in the population of the species. 12 Once again we encounter camels in the possession of wealthy individuals, men of stature, not ordinary folk. This takes place during the twelfth dynasty. Both of these facts also speak to the dearth of camels in the Middle East at this time (post Exodus). On the other hand, let us note the absence of camels in the Genesis narratives in the many contexts where they would be expected to appear based on the narratives, as discussed earlier. %����

Both Abraham and Jacob live centuries after, and a thousand miles from, the focus of the Dromedary’s domestication in Southern Arabia. The healthy genetic diversity of both types of camels cannot therefore be attributed to multiple foci of domestication. The Arabian camel, or dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), has one back hump, and the domesticated Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) and wild Bactrian camel … This essay demonstrated how ill informed those conclusions are. ׀>+;�����_l�m�ֽ�z84��~�%��[ This date is somewhat uncertain, for the length of Saul’s reign is not presented (in a clear enough manner) in the text. 6:5, 7:12). Had Abraham possessed camels at this point, he surely would have gone straight across the desert, thereby significantly reducing both the distance and duration of the journey. In addition, humans encourage and facilitate breeding within the herd. The caravan of camels was directed by men of stature, Midianites, merchants (anashim Midianim soharim, in the Hebrew text). <>/Metadata 471 0 R/ViewerPreferences 472 0 R>> So far we have examined all mentions of camels in the book of Genesis and the single mention in the book of Exodus, and some of the contexts where the camel is conspicuously absent in these books. Part of the process is to keep removing overly aggressive individuals from the herd (releasing or killing them). Since the Midianites’ home territory was in Northwest Arabia, these merchants were apparently quite mobile. The underlying message clearly was that the bride can be assured of a lifetime of security and plenty with the groom, and that her family will be amply rewarded for agreeing to the match. Still, a list of Israel’s domesticated animals that were left without sustenance by the Midianite raids mentions sheep, oxen and donkeys, but not camels (6:4). North Africa and Saharan camel culture Two, during this transition period we expect domesticated dromedaries to be relatively rare and expensive; only the very powerful or wealthy would have had the wherewithal to possess these useful animals. The text informs us in connection with these ten camels that the servant set out with all the wealth of his master in his hand (24:10). The Joseph narrative is to be dated to ca. This is certainly the case in the Nile district. The best that can be said based on the textual and historical data is that Saul’s reign began some number of years before ca.

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