The Authoritative Speech of Prose, Poetry, and Song: Pindar and Herodotus I, 10. Zeus ordereth this or that.’ And in the dithyramb of uncertain date, of which two fragments remain, composed for performance in the Athenian Agora, he celebrates the ‘violet-crowned city’ as the prop of Hellas, for which he was rewarded by the Athenians, and is said to have been fined by his own countrymen. 53). To collect into one view the more striking aspects of the subject, it will be well to treat separately (1) of his representations of contemporary belief, and (2) of the indications which he gives of his own thoughts on the subject of religion. Order is the preserver of states, especially when combined with hospitality (θέμις σώτειρα Διὸς ξενίον), and faction is their destruction. The marriage of Amasis the Egyptian king to Ladike (a Cyrenaic princess), the adoption of the religion of Isis, including abstinence from cow's flesh, by the Cyrenaic women, the appeal of Pheretime to Cyprus, in preference to other allies, all give evidence of the Phoenician or Semitic blend.

The altar of Poseidon on Onchestus appears to have been of great antiquity, and his attributes both there and at Corinth have been thought to betray indications of Phoenician influence. tormented frustration (13–28). Please enter the Email address that you used to register for CHS. This Herodotus speaks, of as ‘the most divine event’ of his time (Herod, vii. Cf. Is it possible that in the interim these exiles should have broken off all communication with their former countrymen? The aim continually set before the athlete is that of equalling or surpassing the excellence of his sires. The conception of divine government has hardly risen beyond the notion of action and reaction. line to jump to another position: Pythian 1 Indeed the personal element in him is larger than might be inferred from the objectivity of presentment, which makes his history one of the masterpieces of Greek art. Cross-references in notes to this page The others are yoked to torment too terrible to see. In the odes of lamentation which were written for the consolation of persons suffering from recent loss, he sang more distinctly of a happy life to be. He shrinks from attributing to the gods any motive that in human life would involve the charge of meanness. The Epinikian odes are steeped with the spirit of the religion of Zeus and of Apollo. That is his attitude towards the world at large, but the stores of legend and of earlier mythology, which it had been his cue to master, are handled by him not only with unwavering reverence but with a freedom inspired by ruling ideas, drawn partly from a wide experience and partly from the genius of Greek thought, which had now reached an advanced stage of reflection. The words in the seventh sonnet on his twenty-third birthday—. It is he who alone realises the decrees of fate. Letters of his name can still be traced on one of the columns of the old temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Each race has its special character, but this is only brought out through intercourse with other races, and the result is most apparent in those who have contributed most to the sum of human culture.

His own family pride, as one of the Aegeidae, repeatedly shows itself, and through another line he claims affinity with Argos; thus the close relationship between Thebes and Aegina, as well as the pure Dorian stock that ruled that island, may help to account for the large proportion of Aeginetan lays. There was a tomb of Dionysus at Delphi, and a tomb of the Idaean Zeus was long an object of reverence in Cretan worship. We note in him therefore a phase of feeling and reflection on the highest themes, in which an incipient rationalism is consistent with the heartiest faith and reverence. When the land afterwards called Boeotia was overrun by its mountain conquerors, there followed an exodus, at once of the Minyae from Orchomenos, and of the Cadmeians from Thebes. In both these respects he has fallen far below Homer. 137).

Gold, he says, the child of Zeus, gladdens the heart of man. The second Nemean is in honour of Timodemus, whose fathers came from Salamis, and the only trace of the battle is that Athens is spoken of as ‘great.’ Even here Marathon seems to be known to Pindar chiefly as a place where annual games were held. He thinks of the Greek gods as real beings, and yet conceives of a time when either they were not or had not yet been discovered or invented. He also tells us that the assassins of Hipparchus—Harmodius and Aristogiton, the patron saints of Athenian liberty—were Gephyreans. Time, as before observed, is a dominant idea. B. C. Pythian 10 Boys« Double Foot Race But in telling Pheretimee, the historian himself observes that of vengeance too provokes the gods, and in this he rises above the general level of his history, much as Iliad xxiv.

Herodotus says that they had brought with them a peculiar worship of Demeter Achaia, not the Achaean Demeter, but that mother of sorrows of whom the sculptor of the Cnidian goddess has preserved a most impressive type. μάκαν; read either ἄρα (Wilamowitz) or ἀπὸ (Stone, CR 49, 1935, 124) for ἐρέω. We read, moreover, how the Nasamônes worshipped their ancestors only; and how the Atlantes abstained from flesh and saw no dreams. Had the sacred places which became the rallying points of Hellenic culture been already in prehistoric ages the centres of a widespread influence?

He is also ready to personify attributes, such as the goddess of Tranquillity, or ‘Memory with the bright frontlet,’ or Mercy the divine; the mythopoeic spirit was still active in him. The theory of Tiele that the growth of the higher religions has been promoted by contact and assimilation is peculiarly fruitful in its application to Hellenic religion, or rather might be expected to prove so, if our knowledge of the early history were not still so shadowy. It may be so for those who cherish Wordsworth's hankering after a ‘creed outworn.’ Others may see in it, on the contrary, a great and significant advance towards a clearer and worthier conception of divine action. 486 Pindar himself has but a moderate fortune, although he tells us that he has funds deposited in the temple of a neighbouring hero Alcmaeon; but with all his admiration of personal excellence, he is by no means insensible to the glamour of wealth and power where these are accompanied with liberality in spending and energy in use. Other legends, such as that of Dionysus and Ariadne, have an oriental colouring. For Hieron of Syracuse The ideas of fate and Nemesis, for example, which are so pervading in Herodotus, and the maxim that none can be called happy before he dies, are present in almost every tragic fable.

B. C. Pythian 8 But the contact of Hellenic with foreign religions must always have been of a more or less superficial kind. He also shows large consideration and indulgence for some of those who had failed in the crisis of Greek independence; and in this he does not seem to be moved by partiality, but by equity; for example, in speaking of the odium which the Argives had incurred by their conduct at the time of the Persian war, he dwells upon the calamities which had exhausted them and on the difficulty of their position, and says that if every Greek state would only consider its own shortcomings, Argos would not be found to have behaved the worst; to which he adds the moral, that few men would like to take upon them other men's evils in exchange for their own. Commentary references to this page B. C. Pythian 6 It is observable that while the gods, in his poetry, retain all the fulness of individual life, the generalised use of θεός for a divine being occurs in him more frequently than heretofore. It shall be still in strictest measure even, Toward which time leads me, and the will of heaven—, are a close if somewhat Christian rendering of the sixty-seventh line of the fourth Nemean, ‘but to me whatsoever excellence sovran destiny gave, well know I that time in moving onward shall accomplish that as decreed.’. 474

This is not to say that Pericles is being subjected to blame. Herodotus like Pindar has a keen interest in all things Hellenic, but he enters with more of sympathy into the forward movement, of which Athens was the head and front.

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