[170], Tuberculosis has been known by many names from the technical to the familiar. [14][60] All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid. [23] It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. [14] Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. [213][215], Steroids add-on therapy has not shown any benefits for people with active pulmonary tuberculosis infection. [39], When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter.

[63] Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material.
[1], As of 2018 one quarter of the world's population is thought to have latent infection with TB. [3][4][5] Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. [199], One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. Commercial treatment providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Morphology/Structure The structure of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis when viewed under the microscope shows slender rods (this why they are called Bacilli rods). [171][175] Major artistic figures such as the poets John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Edgar Allan Poe, the composer Frédéric Chopin,[176] the playwright Anton Chekhov, the novelists Franz Kafka, Katherine Mansfield,[177] Charlotte Brontë, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Thomas Mann, W. Somerset Maugham,[178] George Orwell,[179] and Robert Louis Stevenson, and the artists Alice Neel,[180] Jean-Antoine Watteau, Elizabeth Siddal, Marie Bashkirtseff, Edvard Munch, Aubrey Beardsley and Amedeo Modigliani either had the disease or were surrounded by people who did.

Because the disease can spread through the air to infect both humans and other animals, it is a public health concern affecting circuses and zoos. [151] Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. [99], The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010[update], is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.

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