There are many literary theories, or frameworks, available to address and analyze a given text. Below are some of the questions invoked by popular literary theories. If there is a need of some extra moral of ethical ideas which are not of psychological nature required here or not. If a literature consists of more factual script, it also omits a great amount of fiction. . “An informed analysis and evaluation of a piece of literature”. In school, English instructors ask students to critique literary texts, or works.

Exploring The Macabre in Art and Literature. At this point, the opposition between “good nature” and “bad society” remains intact.

Some theories draw extensively on the work of other critics, while others concentrate on the reader’s thoughts and feelings. While some literature participated in the ideological implications of this conflict, much writing retreated into a longer-term contextualization of the confrontation as futile and resting on debased values. In France, the most pervasive critical mode was the explication de texte, based on close readings which drew upon biographical sources and historical context.

Why? The passage abounds with lyrical descriptions of the river’s natural beauty. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore and For example, writers could critique The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin from a feminist theoretical perspective. Many students fall into the trap of spending too much time summarizing the literature being analyzed as opposed to critiquing it.

Based on the theories of Karl Marx (and so influenced by philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), this school concerns itself with class differences, economic and otherwise, as well as the implications and complications of the capitalist, This school, influenced by structuralist and post-structuralist theories, seeks to reconnect a work with the time period in which it was produced and identify it with the cultural and political movements of the time, https://libguides.uta.edu/literarycriticism, Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism, How to Find Literary Criticism That Uses a Particular Approach or Method in the MLA International Bibliography, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Therefore, the incidence of state of mind that is discovered to be good is considered as a separate notion of experience that is not able to be accounted for or connected to other human attributes as a result of the development which is made familiar through biological sciences.

This preoccupation and obsession is the most comprehensive manner in which literature, criticism, and theory have been molded by the economic and political transformations discussed earlier.

In America, influential theories of realism and naturalism had been propounded by William Dean Howells, Hamlin Garland, and Frank Norris. After describing the gradually brightening sky, Huck notes that “you could see little dark spots drifting along, ever so far away — trading scows, and such things; and long black streaks — rafts.” The sun rise reveals not only natural objects (the brightening sky, the “snag,” the “mist”), but also brings into view man-made objects (“trading scows” and “rafts”) that signify human society’s presence in this natural environment. With respect to this theory, literature falls under the category of writing that represents a sophisticated violence conducted on a simple speech according to Roman Jakobson, a Russian critic.

World War I generated verse written by poets such as Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon who depicted their direct experience of its horrors and devastation. The aesthetic, in this new elevation, is distinguished by an overarching self-consciousness whose irreducible medium is language. However, if your instructor asks you to address a broader audience, you may need to provide bibliographical information for the work.

The signs of human presence suggest a corruption of nature’s beauty. Literary Criticism and Theory in the Twentieth Century By Nasrullah Mambrol on January 7, 2018 • ( 6). Reiterate argument and elaborate on its significance.

After Huck’s account of the sunrise over the river, he describes how he and Jim watch the steamboats “coughing along up stream.” But when there are no steamboats or rafts to watch, he describes the scene as “solid lonesomeness” (130).

There are many different ways to interpret a novel or short story.

In their interpretations, students may argue for a particular interpretation or they may dispute other critics’ interpretations.

However, it can be described in terms of the way it makes use of languages in different ways. Literary criticism refers to a genre of writing whereby an author critiques a literary text, either a work of fiction, a play, or poetry. From classical times to now, Criticism never borrowed any idea from other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political sciences, etc., but literary theory’s fundamental pillars are found in other disciplines; for example, feminist reading of a text could not have become possible without sociology. Symbols: Metaphoric language; see A Catalogue of Symbols in The Awakening by Kate Chopin. Following are some of the terms which are examples of this: Literature covers the following aspects while discussing morals, ethics and values: It is very simple to categorize life experiences into bad and good, valuable and invaluable ones instead of finding out what we do while we are making these divisions. For Jacques Derrida, the founder of deconstruction, there was no possible externality to language, nothing beyond the textual nature of all phenomena. It should be remembered, however, that these movements do not represent the mainstream impetus of liberal-humanist Western thought, which does derive from the Enlightenment and which continues through the utilitarianism of J. S. Mill, the pragmatism of John Dewey and Henry James, the positivism of Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, and Herbert Spencer, as well as through the new realism, analytic philosophy, and logical positivism of the early twentieth century, not to mention the modes of literary and cinematic realism which have persisted into our own day, alongside the postmodernist descendents of symbolism. In 1884 the Fabian Society was formed with the aim of substituting for Marxist revolutionary action a Fabian policy of gradually introducing socialism through influencing government policy and disseminating pamphlets to raise awareness of economic and class inequalities. With the Great Depression of the 1930s and the rise of fascism, literature and criticism in both Europe and America took a turn away from formalism and humanism toward a more socially conscious mode, as in socialist and Marxist criticism, and in the work of many poets. �%�+¾(L�Pf�����]���|�����`���8�����4�\�}�3;����.m����������gD�$��'�Ta�پu��� ��:8�� �x��'���(��l��E�v�����d�!��\�T�O���&ToX�h��1Km�6S�u}��I����$p‰�eX�3[?��Ȕ���+�Cl� `��*#�. Most of the critical movements associated with “literary theory” – ranging from formalism and the New Criticism to poststructuralism – arose in the shadow of the calamitous historical events discussed earlier. This approach adheres to the humanistic and civil element in poems, dramas and other art work and evaluates the impact and influence of works of literature in a stringent moral context.

(129-130). These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. Influenced by the poststructuralist and postmodern idea of decentering, postcolonial literary criticism undermines the universalist claims of literature, identifies colonial sympathies in the canon, and replaces the colonial metanarratives with counter-narratives of resistance, by rewriting history and asserting cultural identities through strategies such as separatism, nativism, cultural syncretism, … However, unless you are enrolled in a literary theory course, your instructor probably wants you to focus more on interpreting the work than discussing other critical interpretations.

The books listed below are some of the leading overviews of this fascinating branch of critical theory. With respect to this theory, literature falls under th… Powerful works of literature invoke multiple readings. Have we actually faced some of the same challenges the characters in the story face?

Plato’s cautions against the risky consequences of poetic inspiration in general in his Republic are thus often taken as the earliest important example of literary criticism. [“Prove It: A Critique of the Villagers’ Faith in ‘A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings'” from Sample Essays for English 103: Introduction to Fiction, Professor Matthew Hurt]. Other things like books, mountains, courageous actions and railways are labeled as good instrumentally. Criticism written by advanced English majors, graduate students, and literary critics may be more about what other critics have said than about the actual text. The most significant Marxist theorist of this generation was Christopher Caudwell (1907–1937), who died in Spain fighting in the International Brigade.

Definition, Principles, and Applications, The Id, Ego, and Superego as Literary Citicism, A Brief Overview of British Literary Periods, Socialist Feminism vs. Other Types of Feminism, 5 Important Books About African American Feminism, M.A., English Literature, California State University - Sacramento, B.A., English, California State University - Sacramento.

The 10 Best Literary Theory and Criticism Books. These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on certain assumptions within that school of theory. Some of these thinkers drew on Hegel, Marx, and Freud in attempting to revive the “negative dialectics” or negative, revolutionary potential of Hegelian Marxist thought. In France also, the somewhat positivistic earlier mode of criticism, the explication de texte, was opposed by influential figures such as Bergson, whose novel conceptions of time and memory, and whose view of art as uniquely transcending the mechanistic concepts of bourgeois society, profoundly influenced Proust and other modernists. Indeed, it could be argued that even the oppositional tendencies of modern literary theory are internally structured in their very form by the prevailing liberal-bourgeois notions descended from the Enlightenment. Antagonist: The protagonist’s chief nemesis; in other words, the character whom the protagonist must overcome. It evaluates the angle of approach, presentation of arguments, evidence and attitude.

The moral critical approach examines poetry and art works against standard ethical and civil criteria; humanistic, societal impact, tolerance, equality, social justice and sensitivity. They rejected the predominant tendencies stemming from the liberal bourgeois tradition: a narrow focus on the present at the expense of the past and of tradition; unrestrained freedom in political, moral, and aesthetic domains; a riot of pluralism, a mechanical exaltation of facts, and an uninformed worship of science.

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