Many of the animals died of cold or disease the following winter, but Hannibal fought his way down through Italy. However, it is absolutely clear where Hannibal encamped his army on the western bank on the Rhone, and this subject is no longer disputed by historians. Switzerland has remained neutral in all wars because of the Alps. While Rome had been idle and leaving her allies in Catalonia to their fate at the hands of the Carthiginians, the Massiliots, the Allies of the Romans, were busy rousing the tribes on the left (eastern) bank of the Rhone against the Carthaginians. [88] For whatever reason, Hannibal chose the cause of the elder of the two combatants, Brancus. [62] This was the critical column, and it was no coincidence that Hannibal was with this column. As long as Hannibal had no ships to keep himself abreast of the exact movements of the Romans, he wanted to be present in person in case the Romans should make a landing in an attempt to attack his army on its ascent or descent through the Pyrenees. This campaign was conducted with speed in order to take as little time as possible in the reduction of this region. So instead he set his troops to construct a road from the rubble, and after backbreaking labour he got the men, horses and mules down the slope and below the snowline. For protection, Saguntum turned to Rome; Rome sent a garrison to the city and a diplomatic mission to Hasdrubal's camp in Cartagena,[17] informing him that the Iberus river must be the limit of the Carthaginian advance in Spain. [73] He had ordered his infantry to get a head start, and it marched to the Isère in six days, marching 20 kilometres (12 1⁄2 miles) per day.

He also left his brother a number of ships. It was at precisely this moment, while the Carthiginian army was in the middle of the stream jeering[77] at the enemy from the boats and the Cavares were challenging them to come on from the left bank that Hanno's corp revealed itself and charged down on the rear and flanks of the Cavares.

During this time, Hannibal had been completing his preparations to cross the Rhone. "[96] By morning, the Centrones were no longer in the area. The Alps are steeper on the Italian side, and the path is narrow, hemmed in by precipices. He marched with the guides they offered to him, in addition to his Insubrian[95] guides. It would be easy indeed to establish intimate relations with these disaffected tribes, especially once he had debouched from the Alps and was amongst them and the Insubres and Boii and other tribes could see and speak with this army for themselves. They would later resort to auxiliaries for this arm in order to bring it up to standard; they never had a native Roman corps of cavalry which was a fine fighting force. The Numidians were followed back to the Carthaginian camp, which was almost assembled excepting the elephants, which required more time getting across. [98] In addition, the Italian side of the Alps is much steeper;[98] many men lost their footing down this side of the Alps and died. Hannibal foresaw problems if he left Catalonia as a bridgehead for the Romans. [100] Their spirits were said to have been raised by this. [63] It proceeded through a number of valleys in this country, and had orders to subdue any tribes that resisted its advance. The history of Catalonia is littered with numerous examples of the fierce resistance that native people of this area have put up against invading armies. The Romans were victorious.[47]. Hannibal himself is not clearly depicted, but may be riding the elephant just visible in the distance. Much of Hannibal's marches are shrouded in debate, especially the debate concerning the path he opted to employ over the Alps. [44] In 224 BC,[44][45] the Boii submitted to Roman hegemony, and the next year[44][45] the Anari also submitted to the Romans. He sent the Gaul not only because of their knowledge of like terrain, but also because their speech and manners were considered to be similar to that of the natives’ (Livy 21.32) . [60] From the Ebro to the Pyrenees the Carthaginians confronted four tribes,[60] the Illergetes,[60] the Bargusii,[60] the Aeronosii[60] and the Andosini. Turner insisted that the painting should be hung low on the wall at the exhibition to ensure it would be viewed from the correct angle. Microbiologists collaborating with the team think they might have found a distinctive horse tapeworm egg in the samples. Yet Hannibal did. [105] Getting the animals across this stretch of road, Hannibal raced ahead of the rearguard to the part of the army that was below the pasture line. [101] In addition, the Italian side of the Alps is much steeper;[101] many men lost their footing down this side of the Alps and died. pp.

Hannibal, aware of the situation, sent a number of embassies to the Gallic tribes in the Po valley. Turner set his painting in the Val d'Aosta, one of the possible routes that Hannibal may have used to cross the Alps, which Turner had also visited in 1802. [44] However, once they were safe within the territory of the Cenomari, the Romans again marched their army into the territory of the Insubres and started to burn their crops and pillage their country. In 223 BC,[44] the Romans engaged in another battle with the Gauls, this time the Insubres. There were a number of cities here that Hannibal took, which Polybius does not specify. When he arrived in the Po area, there was an uprising amongst the freshly conquered Guals. This must have been welcome considering that no small portion of their supplies had been lost when the pack animals had fallen over the precipice in the course of the previous action. All the same, he adds, Mahaney is one of the best geo-archaeologists working on the question. Page 9. de Beer, S. G., 1969, Hannibal: Challenging Rome's supremacy, Viking, New York, NY. Um Prime Music zu nutzen, gehen Sie bitte in Ihre Musikbibliothek und übertragen Sie Ihr Konto auf Amazon.de (DE). The immense nature of the Alps means that Rome felt safe. Not just any man could bring an army through the impossible. [30] The Romans were determined to drive their borders right up to the Alps. By attacking the natives in this way, he insured that they would not attempt to fight him again as he captured villages for their food (Livy 21.33-34). Where exactly Hannibal crossed the Alps was a point of contention even in the days of Polybius and Livy. [39] Demetrius of Pharos had abandoned his previous alliance with Rome and was now attacking Illyrian cities that had been incorporated into the Roman State. They make it sound truly harrowing. [80][81] A small detachment of Hanno's force was assigned to set the Cavares camp on fire,[80][81] but the majority of this force reeled in on the stunned Cavares. Working in relays, the army set about this labour-intensive task under the eyes of Hannibal, who was constantly encouraging them. He had Gallic spies in every corner of the Roman Republic, even within the inner circles of the Senate itself. [13][17] The conclusion of the treaty and the embassy were sent to Hasdrubal's camp in 226 BC.[17][18].

• This article was amended on 15 April 2016. It performed the same task as the second and the first columns did. Some authorities proposed a northerly path, past present-day Grenoble and through two passes over 2,000 metres high. [66] The consul proposed attacking Hannibal's overextended and vulnerable lines of communications and supply. [48] The Consuls (Marcus Cladius and Gnaeus Cornelius)[48] vigorously rejected the embassy, and the Gauls prepared for war with the Romans. [79], In the face of hostile tribes,[79] the Consul opted to return to Italy and await the arrival of Hannibal as he debouched from the Alps. This is not the case. An Illyrian revolt was put down with energy, and the Romans sped up the construction of a number of fortresses in Cisalpine Gaul. After the loss of the war to the Romans; the Romans imposed terms upon the Carthaginians that were designed to make Carthage a tribute paying city to Rome and simultaneously strip her of her fleet. [51][51] The countries through which they passed were of different opinions concerning the Carthaginians, the Romans, and the passage of Hannibal's army through their land. [citation needed], On getting the whole of his army on the left bank of the Rhone, Hannibal introduced his army to Magilus,[79] and some other less notable Gallic chiefs of the Po valley.

[67] Instead of employing the legions that were on hand for their intended Iberian expedition, the Senate ordered[69] that they should be sent to the Po under the command of a Praetor and new legions should be levied by the Consul.[69][70]. Having battled their deadly rivals the Romans in Spain, in 218BC the Carthaginian army made a move that no one expected. [63] There can be no doubt that Hannibal knew of Alexander the Great's crossing of the Hydaspes river in India as from a tactical and strategic standpoint, it is almost exactly the same. [69][72] The time from Ostia to Massilia was 5 days. [11] His administration of the freshly conquered provinces led Cato the Elder to remark that "there was no king equal to Hamilcar Barca. Some military critics believe that Hannibal ordered the Numidians to lead the Roman scouts back to the camp on the Rhone in order to entice the Consul to march in that direction while he made his escape. [40] Backing against each other and placing the chariots and wagons they used for logistical transportation on either flank, the fought a fierce battle in which the Romans were almost defeated. Außerdem analysiert es Rezensionen, um die Vertrauenswürdigkeit zu überprüfen. [3] He received tribute from all of these recently subjugated tribes, and marched his army back to Cartagena, where he rewarded his troops with gifts and promised more gifts in the future. [102] This section of the path was broken for about 300 yards. Speaking through an interpreter,[85] Magilus spoke of the support that the recently conquered Padane Gauls had for the Carthaginians and their mission of destroying the Roman symmachy. This force encountered 300 mounted Romans who had been sent up the river for the same purpose. [61], Hannibal took advantage of the pre-existing hatred the Celts on the right (west) bank had for the Romans, and persuaded them to aid him in his crossing of this formidable obstacle. [52] Demetrius of Pharos had abandoned his previous alliance with Rome and was now attacking Illyrian cities that had been incorporated into the Roman State. In the foreground, Salassian tribesmen are fighting Hannibal's rearguard, confrontations that are described in the histories of Polybius and Livy. Du Chat towards the village of Aquste[86] and from there to Chevelu,[87] to the pass by Mt. His troops were sent out to cut down trees and lean them against the offending boulders. She was the most prosperous maritime trading port of her day, and the tribute that was imposed upon her by the Romans was easily paid off on a yearly basis while simultaneously waging a war against Carthaginian mercenaries who were in revolt. [58] In addition to this, he swapped the native troops of Iberia to Africa, and the native troops of Africa to Iberia. [69], Hannibal needed to reach the Alps quickly in order to beat the onset of winter. What they found was mud.

There were so many citizens who were qualified for service in the army that all the government had to do was inform the citizenry that more soldiers were needed and they would be required to serve. The controversy over the route taken by Hannibal, the Carthaginian army and his famous elephants in their crossing of the Alps to attack Rome in 218 BCE began within fifty years of the event and has continued for many centuries.

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