The restraining clause was manifestly intended for a very different purpose. The second article declares that 'the executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America.' This is certainly a mistake. The questions involved in this judgment are of great importance and delicacy. In this case the U.S. Supreme Court reversed a decision by Virginia's highest court. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 14 U.S. (1 Wheat.) It is neither expressed nor implied; nor is there any necessity for it: for these suits might be removed from the state courts, as are suits commenced by foreigners and citizens of different states, in the first instance, or in the moment any question touching a treaty arose, instead of being brought up by the offensive mode of a writ of error, directed to a court which is as supreme in its appropriate sphere as this court. A declaration in ejectment was served in April 1791 on the tenants in possession of the land. Under Article III, Section 1, of the U.S. Constitution, "The judicial Power of the Un…, Martin Methodist College: Narrative Description, Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, Martin Luther College: Narrative Description, Martin Luther College: Distance Learning Programs, Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 1 Wheaton 304 (1816), Martín y Soler, (Atanasio Martín Ignacio) Vicente (Tadeo Francisco Pellegrin), https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/martin-v-hunters-lessee, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/martin-v-hunters-lessee, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/martin-v-hunters-lessee, Supreme Court (Role in American Government). They have been positively recognised by one of the articles in amendment of the constitution, which declares, that 'the powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.' They may establish inferior courts. Moreover, it is necessary for SCOTUS to have appellate jurisdiction over federal law because federal law ought to have a uniform interpretation. ." The time, the process, and the manner, must be subject to its absolute legislative control. New York: Macmillan, 1988. Concurring and Dissenting Opinions: Concurring Opinion (Johnson): While we should be reluctant to assert authority over the States, this case requires that the U.S. Supreme Court assert its jurisdiction. If congress shall not have passed a law providing for the removal of such a suit to the courts of the United States, must not the state court proceed to hear and determine it? that the words merely refer to some future act, and mean only that the legislative power may bereafter be vested? It was solemnly held that a final judgment of this court was conclusive upon the parties, and could not be re-examined. It is the opinion of the whole court, that the judgment of the court of appeals of Virginia, rendered on the mandate in this cause, be reversed, and the judgment of the district court, held at Winchester, be, and the same is hereby affirmed. 4d. Marshall instead recused himself, citing a conflict of interest. Uniform interpretation ensures uniform application of the law as the law was written by Congress. 'All cases,' is an emphatic expression, and shows that it cannot extend to a limited number of cases. It would be the height of affectation to close our minds upon the recollection that we have been extracted from the same seminaries in which originated the learned men who preside over the state tribunals. Suppose a foreign minister, or an officer, acting regularly under authority from the United States, seized to-day, tried to-morrow, and hurried the next day to execution. Facts: Fairfax, a British loyalist, owned land in Virginia. On the other hand, so firmly am I persuaded that the American people can no longer enjoy the blessings of a free government, whenever the state sovereignties shall be prostrated at the feet of the general government, nor the proud consciousness of equality and security, any longer than the independence of judicial power shall be maintained consecrated and intangible, that I could borrow the language of a celebrated orator, and exclaim, 'I rejoice that Virginia has resisted.'. In its legislative, executive, and judicial authorities, it is a national government, to every purpose, within the scope of the objects enumerated in the constitution. The first was to pass laws, the second to approve and execute them, and the third to expound and enforce them.

In essence, the people had drawn up their government on a clean slate and had allocated powers to the states, the federal government, and to the three branches of the federal government. The instrument was not intended to provide merely for the exigencies of a few years, but was to endure through a long lapse of ages, the events of which were locked up in the inscrutable purposes of Providence. In this point of view the legislature is completely vindicated from all intention to violate the independence of the state judiciaries. He based his claim on the treaty of paris (1783) and Jay's Treaty (1794), which the U.S. had signed with Great Britain. It was illogical to grant the judicial power to a supreme court and then to argue that inferior state courts could take away such power. It must be recollected that, under this judgment, a writ of restitution is the fruit of the law. So, too, if the plaintiff in error die, pending suit, and his land descend on an alien, it cannot be contended that this court will maintain the suit in right of the judgment, in favour of his ancestor, notwithstanding his present disability. The clause proceeds—'in all the other cases before mentioned the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress shall make.' How, otherwise, could crimes against the United States be tried and punished? In a lengthy opinion Story bitterly denounced the states' rights position of the Virginia court. And so far from asserting the inferiority of the state tribunal, this act is rather that of a superior, inasmuch as the circuit court of the United States becomes bound, by that order, to take jurisdiction of the case. He also exposed the absurdity of the Virginia court's claim that state courts were free to interpret the U.S. Constitution and federal laws as they wished. The next question which has been argued, is, whether the case at bar be within the purview of the 25th section of the judiciary act, so that this court may rightfully sustain the present writ of error. Several other states were sympathetic to this viewpoint, signaling a looming crisis over the judicial powers of the national government. It will hardly be denied that this cause stands in that predicament; and if so, then the appellate jurisdiction of this court has rightfully attached. 3. It is apparent that such a construction, in either case, would be utterly inadmissible. It could not be foreseen what new changes and modifications of power might be indispensable to effectuate the general objects of the charter; and restrictions and specifications, which, at the present, might seem salutary, might, in the end, prove the overthrow of the system itself. It is remarkable, that no power was given to entertain original jurisdiction in such cases; and, consequently, the appellate power (although not so expressed in terms) was altogether to be exercised in revising the decisions of state tribunals. That the present writ of error is founded upon a judgment of the court below, which drew in question and denied the validity of a statute of the United States, is incontrovertible, for it is apparent upon the face of the record. "Martin v. Hunter's Lessee The title may exist, notwithstanding the decision of the state courts to the contrary; and in that case the party is entitled to the benefits intended to be secured by the treaty. The following year, the Virginia legislature voided the land grant and transferred the land back to Virginia. This clean slate was evidenced in the allocation of judicial power. As to the remedy of the plaintiffs in error. At common law the writ of error must be returned by the court itself. The chief defect of the former confederation was, that it acted on political, and not on natural, persons. If this be the true construction of the section, it will be wholly inadequate for the purposes which it professes to have in view, and may be evaded at pleasure. Under such circumstances it was strictly a suit where was drawn in question the construction of a treaty, and the decision was against the title specially set up or claimed by the defendant. Unlike Marshall, Story was not a Federalist but, rather, had been a Republican congressman appointed to the bench by Jefferson's close friend and ally, James Madison. In Martin v.Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816), the U.S. Supreme Court first asserted its authority to overrule a state court decision regarding an issue of federal law.. The objection urged at the bar is, that this court cannot inquire into the title, but simply into the correctness of the construction put upon the treaty by the court of appeals; and that their judgment is not re-examinable here, unless it appear on the face of the record that some construction was put upon the treaty. Whilst adjudicating on a subject which the laws of the country assign finally to the revising power of another tribunal, it can feel no such doubt. What necessity could there exist for this exception if the preceding words were not used in that sense?

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