In June 1987, Philip Elman, a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General's office during Harry Truman's term, claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court's decision, and stated that the NAACP's arguments did not present strong evidence. With this ruling, federally mandated desegregation of schools began. 2 and 4. 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education, DocsTeach: Our Online Tool for Teaching with Documents, Education Programs at Presidential Libraries.

In other words, the "black" law school was "separate," but not "equal."
1954 May 17 Brown v. Board of Education The Court overturned Plessy v. [5] Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as "Massive Resistance", created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd, in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems. ; Sweatt v. Painter,

The Attorney General of the United States participated both Terms as amicus curiae. Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944).   And then he immediately came out of the office, took me by the hand and we walked home from the school. In this Court, there have been six cases involving the "separate but equal" doctrine in the field of public education. [80][81], Chief Justice Warren's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had "assumed the role of a third legislative chamber"[82] and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles.[83]. Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select. With him on the briefs in No. U.S. 483, 489]. Soon all counties reopened and integrated with the exception of Prince Edward County.
(New York's African-American community, and Northern desegregation activists generally, now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight, however. However, in 1956, a special session of the Virginia legislature adopted a legislative package which allowed the governor to simply close all schools under desegregation orders from federal courts. They were each refused enrollment and redirected to the segregated schools. This lasted until 1964, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled Prince Edward County's decision to provide tuition grants for private schools that only admitted whites violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, in the case of Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County. "[27], In spring 1953, the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks.[28]. Brown v. Board of Education is the 1954 landmark case of the Supreme Court of the United States that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, ruling that "separate, but equal" facilities were unconstitutional. "[29] Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation, but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision's enforceability. The case that came to be known as Brown v. Board of Education was actually the name given to five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the issue of segregation in public schools. In order that we may have the full assistance of the parties in formulating decrees, the cases will be restored to the docket, and the parties are requested to present further argument on Questions 4 and 5 previously propounded by the Court for the reargument this Term. [citation needed]. 4 on the original argument, and both argued the causes for appellants in Nos. "[47] In the face of entrenched Southern opposition, progress on integrating American schools moved slowly: The reaction of the white South to this judicial onslaught on its institutions was noisy and stubborn. Hoping that it would not have to admit Sweat to the "white" law school if a "black" school already existed, elsewhere on the University's campus, the state hastily set up an underfunded "black" law school. 6

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