World J Gastroenterol. Clinical characteristics, drug resistance, and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients with diabetes in Peru. HIV co-infection and raised mean serum ALT concentrations were noted to be independently associated with DM among TB patients in our study. Mehta S, Yu EA, Ahamed SF, Bonam W, Kenneth J. Rifampin resistance and diabetes mellitus in a cross-sectional study of adult patients in rural South India. We conducted a cross-sectional study from March 10 to April 15, 2017, in all TB clinics of Dire Dawa city Administrative Council, Eastern Ethiopia. Google Scholar, Viswanathan V, Kumpatla S, Aravindalochanan V: Prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes and Associated Risk Factors among Tuberculosis Patients in India. Most of the study participants (90.9%) were urban dwellers. 2013;17(6):e404–12. Google Scholar. Chen H, Liu M, Jiang S, Gu F, Huang S, Gao T, Zhang Z. Clinical manifestations and outcome of tuberculosis in diabetic patients admitted to King Abdulaziz University hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The subgroup analysis of this study showed that the pooled prevalence of DM among TB patients in Nigeria was 15% (95% CI: 7, 23) which is higher than the prevalence in Tanzania 11% (95% CI: 9, 12), Ethiopia 10% (95% CI; 6, 13), and others 5% (95% CI: 3, 7). Therefore, the finding of this research calls for the implementation of active case finding of DM in patients diagnosed for TB and also for the integrating of TB and DM care programs. GFR = [(140-Age in years) × body weight in kg/ serum creatinine in mg/dl × 72] × 0.85 if female. El-Sadr W, Mullin C, Carr A: Effects of HIV disease on lipid, glucose and insulin levels: Results from a large antiretroviral-naive cohort. Chung R, Casson D, Murray G: Alanine aminotransferase levels predict insulin resistance in HIV lipodystrophy. Then, data were sorted, coded, and entered into a computer using EpiData. Screening for diabetes mellitus in tuberculosis patients in a referral center in Iran. This step resulted in further exclusion of 47 articles primarily due to the study locations. Duangrithi D, Thanachartwet V, Desakorn V, Jitruckthai P, Phojanamongkolkij K, Rienthong S, Chuchottaworn C, Pitisuttithum P. Impact of diabetes mellitus on clinical parameters and treatment outcomes of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Thailand. PLoS One.

1980, 57: 483-484.

Studies by Alisjahbana et al. Diabetic patients have impaired cell mediated immunity, renal failure, micronutrient deficiency and pulmonary microangiopathy, all of which increase their propensity to develop TB [8]. 2015;10(6):e0129312. It seems that the risk of diabetes comorbidity increases by twofold for normal weight and fourfold for overweight TB patients compared with their underweight counterparts (Table 2). CAS  PubMed  Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. Of the 22 participants, 5 (22.7%) had a known diagnosis of DM and all had poor glycemic control (defined as RBS level > 180 mg/dl) at baseline despite being on glucose lowering therapy. 1999, 29: 328-333. Diabetes mellitus is associated with cavities, smear grade, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Georgia.

Kumpatla S, Sekar A, Achanta S, Sharath B, Kumar A, Harries A, Viswanathan V. Characteristics of patients with diabetes screened for tuberculosis in a tertiary care hospital in South India. This systematic review and meta-analysis was intended to estimate the pooled prevalence of DM among TB patients in SSA. Google Scholar. Age 26–40 (AOR = 6, 95% CI: (1.28, 27.5)), age ≥41(AOR = 9, 95% CI: (1.9, 44.4)), and family history of diabetes (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: (1.23, 8.02)) were found to have a significant association with diabetes mellitus. PLoS Med. However, since majority of the study participants had HIV co-infection, an elevated mean ALT concentration of >66 U/L prior to diagnosis of DM was noted to be significantly associated with DM among HIV infected patients in one case control study performed in an urban HIV clinic in the USA [33]. Davis Kibirige. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled prevalence of DM among TB patients in SSA. World Health Organization: Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation Available at https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=World+Health+Organization.+Definition+and+diagnosis+of+diabetes+mellitus+and+intermediate+hyperglycemia.+2006.+Available&btnG=. According to WHO (2016), the incidence of TB in Nigeria was 322 per 100,000 while lower incidence of TB was noted in other countries like Ethiopia and Tanzania [89]. 2003;59(1):39–44. Public health action.

In SSA, study findings regarding the prevalence of DM among TB patients differ by geographical region and the background characteristics of the study participants [9, 16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].

Indian J Endocrinol Metab. The diagnosis of DM was made basing on the recent American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines of a random or casual blood sugar level ≥ 200mg/dl in the presence of the classical symptoms of DM [12]. Quality score of each study. These inhibit transcription of the glucose transporter-4 and peroxisome proliferator –activated receptor γ. Insulin resistance results into alteration in lipid metabolism and deposition in the hepatocytes. Provided low diabetes screening coverage and health promotion activity in Ethiopia, the current number of DM patients may surge significantly in the near future [35].

Therefore, the concerned body should give attention to implementing diabetes screening and comprehensive chronic care at TB clinics as it might have a beneficial impact on TB control and management of diabetes mellitus. As indicated in Table 3, only age and family history of diabetes made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model.

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