Conveying the instructions of the leadership in this unequivocal manner through the most senior officials of MK HQ was sufficient action, as the overwhelming majority of MK cadres were disciplined soldiers and activists.

The SACP and Cosatu were up in arms against the non-negotiable introduction of Gear at the expense of the RDP and lost that battle only to ultimately suffer from a Zuma leadership that could not be managed by the left. (ANC National Executive Committee statement, 1963.). Operational and technical difficulties leading to unintended consequences.

It was a representative Conference of 250 democratically elected delegates representing all sections of our movement: the workers, the women, youth, media workers, soldiers - everybody.

In den Jahren 1977–1980 wurden Polizeiwachen in Booysens, Soweto und Sooekemaar angegriffen, bei Derdepoort und Rustenburg wurden MK-Kämpfer in offene Gefechte mit der Polizei verwickelt. There is little contestation from government or ruling party concerning the many attempts to undermine MK’s notable achievements. In the course of war life is lost. By 1980 a new approach of People’s War, based in time around the Four Pillars of Struggle and the Revolutionary Army, saw a dramatic upturn in MK operations.

QED: MK succeeded in achieving those objectives. A decision was made to shift the ANCs approach from sending armed groups of cadres into the country to spark off guerilla warfare, and instead emphasised that period of political reconstruction inside the country was necessary since the successful development of armed struggle depended on political mobilisation and strong underground structures, an important precursor to theories of peoples war developed in the early 1980s. The Black Wall Around Barack Obama: Who Does It Protect Him Against? Raymond Nat Turner, BAR poet-in-residence. Der MK wurde im Jahr 1961 gegründet und legte 1990 die Waffen nieder. Although it is possible that entirely accurate statistics will never be known beyond any doubt, it is evident that MK acted with great restraint.

It was made clear that SDUs would be exclusively for the purpose of self-defence, that the overall control of SDUs was to remain with the communities concerned, and if MK cadres participated in SDUs they would do so as members of the community: MK Command would not play a leading role, as it was felt this might jeopardise negotiations. Would the release of that energy not have provided a working class hegemony and assertion of discipline and control over the corruption and crony capitalism. Unity in action among all the oppressed groups is fundamental to the advance of our liberation struggle. A Central Operational MK HQ was established by Joe Modise and Joe Slovo. At times attacks which appear to be aimed at civilian targets were nothing of the sort - the cadre may have had information to the effect that an SADF or SAP g roup would be present at a particular railway station or hotel or restaurant a particular time, but due to a range of difficulties - ranging from faulty intelligence to devices which malfunction and accidentally go off at the wrong time - an explosion occurs, apparently senselessly, in a civilian area. We need to bear in mind as well that much information about the liberation struggle from primary, organizational and participatory sources is still secret; documents and reports are unavailable or lost; many participants are yet to tell their stories; not to mention the fallibility of personal attestation and bias, limitations of memory; ideological factors. The above three facets of the historiography will assist in clarifying what I believe should be the objectives of scientific historiography: deepening understanding of the subject under review through analysis and debate; highlighting the gaps and limitations of the existing literature; pointing to new areas of research and analysis. All we are saying is that sanctions will weaken apartheid and that will enable us to fight against a weakened enemy. Special literacy classes and bridging courses were designed. strategic road, railways and other communications. Economic infrastructure: this entailed attacks on fuel supplies, the lifeblood of the economy; the power network without which no modern developed country can function and the strategic road, railways and communications network essential for trade.

Ø. Political-state infrastructure, which included all government installations and personnel involved in the administration of the apartheid state. After his release, he set up underground networks to recruit for Umkhonto we…. Others served many years of imprisonment, or gave their lives for the liberation of this country.

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