Precision medicine for cell therapy in acute respiratory distress syndrome. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.

Chemokines secreted by these cells cause the influx of neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0021. Moreover, MSCs were able to enhance the cell autophagy pathway, important in the amyloid plaque clearance, activated Tregs which in turn regulated microglia activation, and increased the neuronal survival both in vitro and in AD mice model [13, 14]. 2018, Article ID 5023925, 3 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5023925, 1Department of Oncology, Stem Cells and Nanomedicine, California Innovations Corporation, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA, 2Department of Immunology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, 3Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 4Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg D-79104, Germany. Gene therapy using TRAIL-secreting human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells against intracranial glioma. The virus-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and CXCL-10, was inhibited after MSC treatment [27]. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Summary of the therapeutic benefits of MSCs in current preclinical models of experimental ARDS/ALI. Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Amyloid-β Pathology by Modifying Microglial Function and Suppressing Oxidative Stress. MSC treatment is protective in a mouse model with reduced concentrations of IL-6 and fibronectin and increased levels of TAC, while MSCs worsened injury in the opposite conditions. The team from Wuhan Central Hospital analyzed the data of 109 patients diagnosed with ARDS and showed that ARDS progressed faster than other respiratory illnesses and that treatment was difficult. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the respiratory tract. 2008;102:804–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70291-7. Kurozumi K, Nakamura K, Tamiya T, Kawano Y, Ishii K, Kobune M, Hirai S, Uchida H, Sasaki K, Ito Y, Kato K, Honmou O, Houkin K, Date I, Hamada H. Mol Ther. Telmisartan as tentative angiotensin receptor blocker therapeutic for COVID-19. Therapeutic potential of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells. Atluri S, Manchikanti L, Hirsch JA. 2007;(180):263-83. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-68976-8_12. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) express biomarkers such as Nanog and Oct3/4A .
Human mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate renal ischemic reperfusion injury and enhance angiogenesis in rats. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70217-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040269. J Am Coll Cardiol.

Various soluble factors secreted by MSCs have been shown to be related to immune regulation [14]. Antebi B, Mohammadipoor A, Batchinsky AI, et al. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722317115. MSCs were initially thought to form niches for the propagation of hematopoietic stem cells that were extremely useful in confluent cultures.

MSCs improved gas exchange and reduced the levels of BALF chemokines and cytokines, including GM-CSF, MIG, IL-1α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α [26]. Other pathways have also been investigated, and it has been shown that MSCs interact with host tissue, including through mitochondrial transfer and direct interactions between cells. Despite significant advances in supportive treatment techniques such as mechanical ventilation, the incidence and mortality of ARDS remain high.

De facto, clinical applications of MSCs are tremendously promising in medicine (e.g., cell transplantation), pharmaceutical sciences (e.g., controlled drug delivery), and biological sciences (e.g., tissue engineering). Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. The safety and possible efficacy have been demonstrated in some ARDS patients.

Simultaneously, Na+-K+-ATPase is upregulated in lung AT-II cells and inhibits fibrosis. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. (NCT02097641) performed a detailed analysis of the immunomodulatory and proteomics characteristics of two patients with severe refractory ARDS. Limited restoration of cystic fibrosis lung epithelium in vivo with adult bone marrow-derived cells. LincRNA-p21 promotes mesenchymal stem cell migration capacity and survival through hypoxic preconditioning. Gene Ther. Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Clinical features and progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome in coronavirus disease. Ganter MT, Roux J, Miyazawa B, et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0868-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70217-6, https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.19-3-219, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.143, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03454-6, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1548-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.004, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.161067, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1518-0, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1031-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.012, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.17.20024166, https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00858-2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0395-z, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0774-8, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200502-309OC, https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000001713, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109865, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01678-8, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040269, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201310-1892OC, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0Guzik, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-015-0257-0, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70291-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30418-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30089-X, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-020-01804-6.

Initial research has also focused on the capability of MSCs to differentiate in vivo and transform into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and even myoblasts. CAS  https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.0301.

Michael AM, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, et al.
As a result, MSC administration within the first few hours of SS may increase the short-term survival of patients with neutropenia but cannot prevent death from sepsis-related organ dysfunction over time [44]. Their research demonstrated that MSC treatment might be beneficial or detrimental depending on the patient’s specific pulmonary microenvironment, which included the levels of IL-6 and fibronectin, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. : Table S1. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, et al. 2009;18:683–92.

© 2020 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated.

The IL-6 level on day 5 showed a downward trend compared with that of day 0, but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). Lancet.

Chillà A, Margheri F, Biagioni A, Del Rosso T, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M, Laurenzana A. Part of

Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;173:171–9. International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), C. H. Ryu, S. A.  | 

An observational study in Jinyintan Hospital in Wuhan, China, found that a majority (67–85%) of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections developed ARDS and that the mortality was as high as 61.5% in patients with ARDS [7, 8]. Epub 2019 Jul 9. We sincerely thank this journal (MDPI) for providing us the opportunity to guest edit our successful special issue entitled “Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine” (https://www.hindawi.com/journals/sci/si/152812/cfp/). Stem Cell Res Ther 11, 305 (2020). 2019;5:18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0.

J Trauma Acute Care Surg. Privacy KGF secreted by MSCs can reduce injury and promote proliferation and repair of alveolar epithelial cells by increasing surface-active substances, matrix metalloprotein (MMP)-9, IL-1Ra, GM-CSF, etc. The authors believe that more patients are needed to thoroughly investigate the response of ARDS patients to MSCs [45]. Last Updated: July 17, 2020. 2019;72(3):867-884. doi: 10.3233/JAD-190817. Synergism of MSC-secreted HGF and VEGF in stabilising endothelial barrier function upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation via the Rac1 pathway. Cell. After 3 months, 5 of the 8 patients in the CT + MSCs group who survived for 28 days died of sepsis-related organ dysfunction. As a possible mechanism, CD90 binding to the specific integrins b3 and b5 can promote MSC homing. According to the latest report, lung endothelial cells, as a therapeutic target in COVID-19, play important roles in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection [39]. EV, extracellular vesicles; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; Treg, regulatory T cells; AT-II, alveolar type II; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FGF7, fibroblast growth factor 7; Ang-1, angiopoietin-1. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.17.20024166. In addition, due to the low homing rate of MSCs after infusion, the migration of MSCs to the damaged site is also the focus of current research [17]. In addition, MSCs also promote the clearance of alveolar fluid by increasing the levels of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). Lancet. In 2015, Wilson et al. The survival rate of the cells, homing efficiency, gene mutation after transplantation, and tumorigenicity are the current challenges regarding clinical applications. Here, we described the potential therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs in ARDS (Fig.  |  2018;9:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0774-8. In this phase I, placebo-controlled study, no adverse reactions or serious adverse events were reported related to the infusion of MSCs between the two groups, and the length of hospital stay, days without the ventilator, and days without ICU care on the 28th day after treatment were similar. CAS  Stem Cell Res Ther.

2018;9:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1031-x.

Article   |  Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Google Scholar. Stem Cell Res Ther.

2020 Jul 2;12(7):1771. doi: 10.3390/cancers12071771. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell through phagocytosis, thereby partially reducing or completely abrogating the enzymatic function of ACE2 and increasing the concentration of proinflammatory angiotensin II. Interleukin-1β causes acute lung injury via αvβ5 and αvβ6 integrin-dependent mechanisms. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.

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