Spatial variation in direct and indirect effects of climate and productivity on species richness of terrestrial tetrapods. Expert Answer. The latitudinal gradient of species diversity among North American grasshoppers (Acrididae) within a single habitat: a test of the spatial heterogeneity hypothesis Goggy Davidowitz Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A. Is there a latitudinal gradient in the importance of biotic interactions? For example, many tropical fish species are herbivorous or frugivorous, but these feeding modes are rare at high latitudes. Here we review two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Much more work is needed to better test the narrower-niches hypotheses. This trend in species richness (which we will refer to as diversity) Another climate-related hypothesis is the climate harshness hypothesis, which states the latitudinal diversity gradient may exist simply because fewer species can physiologically tolerate conditions at higher latitudes than at low latitudes because higher latitudes are often colder and drier than tropical latitudes. Foundations of tropical forest biology: classic papers with commentaries. Price, T. D. 2008. Rettenmeyer et al. Epub 2021 Jul 14. 2021 Sep;30(9):1899-1908. doi: 10.1111/geb.13357. This book presents a timely collection of pioneering work in the study of these diverse and fascinating ecosystems. It consists of facsimiles of papers chosen by world experts in tropical biology as the 'classics' in the field. Another climate-related hypothesis is the climate harshness hypothesis, which states the latitudinal diversity gradient may exist simply because fewer species can physiologically tolerate conditions at higher latitudes than at low latitudes because higher latitudes are often colder and drier than tropical latitudes. Nonetheless, notable exceptions to the general pattern exist, and it is well recognized that patterns may be dependent on characteristics of spatial scale and taxonomic hierarchy. Mytilus californianus INTRODUCTION One of the most striking of large-scale biotic patterns is the latitudinal gradient in species diversity, peaking in the tropics and tailing o¡ towards the poles. Roberts, Greenwood Village, CO. Rettenmeyer, C. W., M. E. Rettenmeyer, J. Joseph, and S. M. Berghoff. 1998 ; Vol. A recent approach to this problem examined the joint effects of time, area, and latitude on speciation of endemic fish and found that age, area, and latitude have significant and equivalent effects (Hanly et al. This important book interprets the phylogeny of flowering plants in the light of modern knowledge about genetics, developmental biology, and ecology. Here we review two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient. and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient and to test the major predictions of the tropical conser-vatism hypothesis. (1990), and Wilson (1990) and This work serves as a complement to more taxonomically driven works, providing for readers the long geologic and biogeographic contexts that undergird the abundance and diversity of Neotropical mammals. 1).Historically, research has focused on gradients of species richness (i.e., the number of species in an assemblage) because that was the only information . Hypothesis Our interpretation of the main focus; Pianka 1966: 1. Fifty years after its publication, there is still no consensus as to the primary mechanisms that contribute to the origin and maintenance of the LDG. A deep-time perspective on the latitudinal diversity gradient. hypothesis is not a valid explanation for the latitudinal species diversity gradient. 2009 Jul 28;19(14):R575-83. The first was the Cambrian explosion of skeletonized marine animals about 540 million years ago. The second was the "Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event," which is the focus of this book. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. Hanly, P. J., G. G. Mittelbach, and D. W. Schemske. Here we review two major hypotheses for the origin of the latitudinal diversity gradient. As one striking example that time per se is not the only factor contributing to fish diversification, consider that Lake Baikal, located at 55.63°N, is the largest by volume and the oldest (>27 million years) lake in the world, yet it has just 52 species of fish, 37 of which are endemic. The latitudinal gradient in recent speciation and extinction rates of birds and mammals. Climate as a driver of evolutionary change. This abundantly illustrated book provides a fundamental introduction to the ecological zones of the geosphere. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06255-4, Challenges and advances in the study of latitudinal gradients in multitrophic interactions, with a focus on consumer specialization, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.008, Beyond species richness and biomass: Impact of selective logging and silvicultural treatments on the functional composition of a neotropical forest, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.022, Vertical stratification influences global patterns of biodiversity, Soil warming effects on tropical forests with highly weathered soils, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813493-1.00015-6, Uncharted biodiversity in the marine benthos: the void of the smallish with description of ten new Platyhelminth taxa from the well-studied North Sea, https://doi.org/10.1186/s10152-018-0520-8, Elevational gradients in plant defences and insect herbivory: recent advances in the field and prospects for future research, Tropical bird species have less variable body sizes, Seasonality and Stratification: Neotropical Saproxylic Beetles Respond to a Heat and Moisture Continuum with Conservatism and Plasticity, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75937-1_16, Bacterial natural product biosynthetic domain composition in soil correlates with changes in latitude on a continent-wide scale, 1. Nat. Fine, P. V. A. In reviewing previous studies, Pianka compiled six hypotheses that addressed possible causes of the LDG (Table 1). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity are generally understood to be increases in the number of species from high (cold-temperate) to low (warm) latitudes (Rohde, 2011). PMC At the very time when we are developing the scientific tools to deeply probe and understand the causes of the LDG, that diversity is rapidly disappearing. Question 1 Discuss latitudinal gradients and mechanistic hypothesis that govern the biological diversity and result in increases in species richness, abundance and diversity in insects. We then used molecular 2002. The theory of climatic stability remains relatively unexplored, although interest has been renewed in Janzen’s idea that mountains are a greater barrier to gene flow in the tropics than in temperate zones and that this may contribute to diversification. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 46:369–392. (2011) speculate that the more than 300 known associate species of E. burchellii are “likely only the tip of the iceberg,” with thousands of specimens yet to be described and their associations characterized. 2007). 2005. In recent years, particular attention has focused on what is referred to as the species-energy hypothesis, which proposes that the latitudinal biodiversity gradient has somehow been generated and maintained as a direct consequence of greater energy availability towards the equator. As suggested by Vermeij (2005), “Every species is potentially a resource on which some other species can in principle specialize or to which another species must adapt.” More simply, species can be niches for other species. 2021 Nov 1;12(1):6269. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26537-9. Below we briefly summarize Pianka’s six hypotheses. 1. Keywords:latitudinal diversity gradient; marine bivalves; species^energy hypothesis 1. We have assembled a database of the geographic ranges of 3,916 species of marine prosobranch gastropods living on the shelves of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, from . [1] Laurasia The northern part of the supercontinent of Pangaea, composed of the present-day North America, Europe, and Asia. 2006). I was a mere graduate student, wet behind the ears, only 25 years old, when I wrote it. There are many such examples in nature, and they seem far more common at low latitudes than high, but no studies have attempted to quantify this difference. Time-integrated area, energy, and tropical niche conservatism, 4. 2017). "A name is forever, or at least as long as taxonomy continues," Barry Bolton writes, and here are all the names, antique and modern, of all the ants that are or ever were--from the arctic to the tropical, the fossilized to the living, the ... @article{osti_1357327, title = {A latitudinal diversity gradient in terrestrial bacteria of the genus Streptomyces}, author = {Andam, Cheryl P. and Doroghazi, James R. and Campbell, Ashley N. and Kelly, Peter J. and Choudoir, Mallory J. and Buckley, Daniel H.}, abstractNote = {We show that Streptomyces biogeography in soils across North America is influenced by the regional diversification of . Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics for a wide variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) [1].The LDG is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology [1].The LDG has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. Pianka also may have given evolution less emphasis because evolutionary hypotheses were thought untestable at the time. This latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was first recognized by . Elevational diversity gradient (EDG) is an ecological pattern where biodiversity changes with elevation.The EDG states that species richness tends to increase as elevation increases, up to a certain point, creating a "diversity bulge" at middle elevations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. taxon with a latitudinal gradient of species diversity that cuts across many habitats. Lower competition reduces the likelihood of competitive exclusion and increases species richness. For each, he provided a rationale for the biological processes involved. This is contribution 1982 from the Kellogg Biological Station. This hypothesis that “mountain passes are higher in tropics” is based on the idea that populations physiologically adapted to cold, high-elevation habitats in the aseasonal tropics are less likely to migrate across warmer valleys than are their temperate counterparts that are adapted to far greater seasonal variation in temperature (Janzen 1967). This volume captures the state-of-the-art in the study of insect-plant interactions, and marks the transformation of the field into evolutionary biology. Thom G, Gehara M, Smith BT, Miyaki CY, do Amaral FR. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). However, empirical tests of this hypothesis are challenging because it is difficult to separate the effects of age and climate (tropical vs. temperate). Biogeography, first published in 1983, is one of the most comprehensive text and general reference books in the natural sciences. This hypothesis posits that the size of a biome has considerable influence on its species diversity. This pattern of equatorial peak in biodiversity has been documented from a range of taxonomic groups in animals and plants, identified in the fossil records extending back to the Palaeozoic (325 Ma) and reported in a diverse array of environments (e.g. We use cookies to see how our website is performing. From classics by Georges-Louis LeClerc Compte de Buffon, Alexander von Humboldt, and Charles Darwin to equally seminal contributions by Ernst Mayr, Robert MacArthur, and E. O. Wilson, these papers and book excerpts not only reveal ... First, we are hopeful that current and future naturalists will continue to investigate the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to the LDG. Microevolutionary dynamics show tropical valleys are deeper for montane birds of the Atlantic Forest. abiotic hypotheses contributing to latitudinal diversity gradient. Do the pattern and strength of species associations in ectoparasite communities conform to biogeographic rules? A. Hawkins, D. M. Kaufman, et al. Even if evolution produces more species in the tropics compared to the temperate zone (e.g., due to higher speciation rates and/or a longer evolutionary history), unless interspecific competition is always weak and communities are unsaturated, we still need to explain how more species can coexist at low latitudes than high. The current emphasis on historical and evolutionary hypotheses for the LDG is a welcome and needed addition to the ecological hypotheses that figured so prominently in Pianka’s early review. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. 553-560. Its easy-to-read chapters and clear illustrations can be used in lecture and seminar courses. This is an authoritative treatment that will inspire future generations to study metabolic ecology. Latitudinal Diversity Gradient, Geographical, Species, Species Richness, Taxa, Hypothesis,Biotic, Historical Perturbation, Climate Stability, Climate Harshness, Mid-Domain, Evolutionary Rate, Evolution. Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs: treefrog trees unearth the roots of high tropical diversity. The theory of spatial heterogeneity: Ecology 3. Abstract The latitudinal gradient of decreasing richness from tropical to extratropical areas is ecology's longest recognized pattern. However, for well-documented taxa such as birds and trees, the increase in numbers of individuals per unit area from high latitudes to low latitudes is small compared to the dramatic increase in species richness (Currie et al. Since the tropics are so much larger than any other extra-tropical biome, one would predict the latitudinal gradient to resemble a step . Insectes Sociaux 58:281–292. The latitudinal diversity gradient is the largest scale, and longest known, pattern in ecology. forests, grasslands, wetlands, fresh . The competition hypothesis proposes that natural selection in the temperate zone is governed more by abiotic than by biotic factors, and as a result, competition is stronger in the tropics, niches are narrower, and more species can be supported. Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the patterns of biodiversity in various neotropical ecosystems, as well as a discussion on their historical biogeographies and underlying diversification processes. The time hypothesis, which dates back to A. R. Wallace, is perhaps the oldest and most widely accepted of the six hypotheses. Why are there so many species in the tropics? / The latitudinal gradient of species diversity among North American grasshoppers (Acrididae) within a single habitat : A test of the spatial heterogeneity hypothesis. Eric Pianka typing his dissertation. 2004. The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is the most pernicious of problems. The "Age of the Tropics" hypothesis argues that the tropics have more species because young, ecologically dominant, tropical clades have not had sufficient time to disperse and adapt to colder climates . Jordan, C. F., ed. Here we briefly review how each of the six hypotheses summarized by Pianka has fared over the past 50 years. Introduction. the latitudinal diversity gradient. Because bats exhibit exceptionally strong latitudinal gradients of richness at multiple . 2021 Oct 15;10(10):1048. doi: 10.3390/biology10101048. Tropical ecology: benchmark papers in ecology. Increases in diversity at low latitudes are also known for genera and higher taxa, therefore "latitudinal gradients in biodiversity" may be a better term. 1). The competition hypothesis: Ecology 4. Biology (Basel). From phenomenology to first principles: towards a theory of diversity. This work is a one-stop shop that gives users access to up-to-date, informative articles that go deeper in content than any currently available publication. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine For example, Fine (2015) reviews five hypotheses for the LDG (Table 1), including latitudinal differences in rates of diversification (speciation and/or extinction) and their drivers and differences in the time and area available for diversification in tropical and temperate biomes (in combination with tropical niche conservatism and available energy). Studies of latitudinal variation in incipient speciation also suggest faster speciation in the tropics. Biotic interactions are believed to play a role in the origin and maintenance of species diversity, and multiple hypotheses link the latitudinal diversity gradient to a presumed gradient in the importance of biotic interactions. area-affect hypothesis, at least for latitudinal gradients in marine systems. I, no. The predation hypothesis is an alternative to the competition hypothesis, suggesting that competition is actually lower in the tropics due to a reduction in population sizes caused by higher predation in tropical environments. Just as the 1960s were marked by revolutionary changes in music, culture, and politics, so too were they foundational for the emergence of modern ecology, with classical observational approaches giving way to mathematical theory and experiments. Epub 2009 Jan 14. Curr Biol. Eric Pianka typing his dissertation. Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies. Introduction. Epub 2006 Sep 21. “One of the largest and most formidable looking, though perfectly harmless, insects we have, is the Corydalus cornutus. The University of Washington was a crucible for this movement in the 1960s, with young faculty such as Bob Paine, Gordon Orians, and Alan Kohn working in close collaboration with a number of exceptionally creative graduate students, including Henry Horn, Eric Pianka, Christopher Smith, Jared Verner, and Mary Willson. Careers. Biotic interactions and speciation rate. The contribution of interspecific variation in maximum tree height to tropical and temperate diversity. Evolutionary and biogeographic origins of high tropical diversity in old world frogs (Ranidae). 3. The time theory: Ecology and evolution 2. Ecology Letters 7:1121–1134. The time and area hypothesis holds that tropical climates are older and historically larger, allowing more opportunity for diversification. The pre-dominance of single-gradient studies counteracted the no-tion of generality within the latitudinal diversity debate. The latitudinal diversity gradient is the term used to describe the decrease in species richness as one moves away from the equator. Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Do host‐associated microbes show a contrarian latitudinal diversity gradient? 1. , an intertidal foundation host, A molecular‐based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland, Exploring Microbiome Functional Dynamics through Space and Time with Trait-Based Theory, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00530-21, gen3sis: A general engine for eco-evolutionary simulations of the processes that shape Earth’s biodiversity, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001340, Plantago spp. We combine a diversity of analytical approaches (e.g., phylogenetics, ancestral area reconstruc-tion, divergence date estimation, analysis of diversification rates, ecological niche modeling) and focus on New . The existing hypotheses explaining this phenomenon are summarized and the evidence that tends to favor one of these is presented. 2015. This book provides the most comprehensive introduction to stochastic population dynamics, combining classicalbackground material with a variety of modern approaches, including new and previously unpublished results by the authors, ... If tropical environments are older, historically larger, and more diverse, is the increased diversity due to age, area, climate, or all of the above? NEW TO THIS EDITION: * New topics such as elemental defense by plants, chaotic models, molecular methods to measure disperson, food web relationships, and more * Expanded sections on plant defenses, insect learning, evolutionary tradeoffs, ... (30) latitudinal diversity gradient The decrease in species richness that occurs as one moves away from the equator. The theory of spatial heterogeneity suggests that the LDG results from the greater heterogeneity and/or complexity of physical and biotic factors (e.g., foliage height diversity) in the tropics. The latitudinal diversity gradient describes the phenomenon in which the diversity of species inhabiting biomes is higher near the equator and lower near the poles.

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