In the pavement design and analysis, different axle loads need be conversed to the standard axle load based on the equivalent deterioration principle of pavement. Department of Roads Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport Chakupat, Lalitpur, Nepal, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ∗ • An ESA is an Equivalent Standard Axle. After that, total ESAL with standard truck traffic could be found. The reduction of service life could be indicated by the deviation of the pavement service life due to different magnitude of traffic load that have to withstand by the pavement structure. The relative damage to a pavement caused by heavy trucks is dependent on vehicle, tire, and pavement factors. 18 Found inside – Page 92With the predicted axle-load repetitions known they are converted to standard axles, using the equivalence factors given in tables 3.1 and 3.2. 3.9.6 Use of the Flexible Design Chart The solutions of the design equations for flexible ... The ESAL of each configuration of the axle load is calculated based on the distribution of the vehicle wheel loads e.g. 1 n = According to the ESAL calculated from dataset, the actual ESAL of each vehicle class was found. The 1970 and 1984 versions of the guidelines were based on empirical (experience based) approach. This paper aims to analyze the difference in the value of CESA of terrain. Equivalent Axle Load Factor (EALF) Defines the damage per pass to a pavement by an axle relative to the damage per pass of a standard axle Exact EALF can be worked out only by using distress models Approximate EALF can be worked out using the fourth power rule Standard Axle Load Single axle : 8160kg Tandamaxle : 14968kg It is defined as equivalent number of standard axles per commercial vehicle. See Page 1. Z Table 5. S 1.5 g Following formula is used to determine the traffic load for design lane [12] . The impact of overloaded heavy vehicles on road pavement that took into account in this study is reduction of pavement service life. (4). ^ The VDF varies with the axle configuration, axle loading, terrain, type of road, and from region to region. log They are: 1) Heavy Vehicle: Gross vehicle weight > 10 ton. Mazda Miata 1 consumption per passage M M d N Curb weight = 2300 lb Assume N M = 12,000,000. Therefore, it is expected that road users to comply with existing regulations in the conduct of transportation. Provides a more accurate formula to calculate the live load distribution factors The live load distribution factors in LRFD method is approximately half of these in the standard specifications. Found inside – Page 412The research results show that only the average axle load equivalent coefficient of medium and heavy trucks is influenced by the traffic ... Selecting P1⁄4100 kN as the standard axle load, the calculation are illustrated as follows. F Equivalent Wheel Load Factor = (given wheel load/standard wheel load)4 = ( given axle load/standard axle load)4 i.e. 18 of Pavement Structures, traffic loads with different load magnitudes or configurations are converted to equivalent numbers of a standard axle load, usually the 18-kip (80-kN) single-axle load, in terms of the destructive effect of the load, that is, equivalent axle load fac-tor (EALF) (). Found inside – Page 529The following simplified formula has been used: where VDF: vehicle damage factor. ... When considering equivalent standard axle loads (ESAL) of the overloaded HGV plus OOV to assess the additional damage caused to road pavements, ... The most commonly used equivalent load in the U.S. is the 18,000 lb (80 kN) equivalent single axle load (normally designated ESAL). In Narayanghat-Mugling road the composition of traffic seems to be 83.76% heavy vehicles, 9.18% medium vehicle and 7.05% light vehicle. Answer: The reference ESAL is an 18,000 pound single axle with dual tires. i repetitions of a standard vehicle or axle load, usually the 18-kip (80 kN) single-axle load. Guide to Pavement Technology Part 2: Pavement Structural Design provides advice for the structural design of sealed road pavements. As there is no standard axle load for a tandem axle group with a single tyre axle and a dual tyre axle, a range of loads were used to estimate the best way of modelling an equivalent standard axle with this configuration given the modelling limitations of the pavement analysis package CIRCLY. Therefore for Mugling-Narayang hat direction there is no overloaded traffic condition and standard design load is sufficient for the actual traffic load and there is no reduction in service life in this direction. . Table: Example 2 Solution : Axle: No.of Load: EALF : Load: Repetition : i (KN) () 1: 120: 1000 = 6.200: 6200: 2: 160: 100 = 22.63: 2263 . 1) As overloading is increasing, it has to be controlled by rules and regulations. AASHTO = American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials, CESAL = Cumulative Equivalent Single Axle Loads, SSRB 2058 = Standard Specification for Roads and Bridges 2058, Nepal. So fines must be associated with intensified enforcement when considered in further strategy. However efficiency decreases rapidly when enforcement levels increase gradually. Equivalent Axle Load Factor (EALF) Defines the damage per pass to a pavement by an axle relative to the damage per pass of a standard axle Exact EALF can be worked out only by using distress models Approximate EALF can be worked out using the fourth power rule Standard Axle Load Single axle : 8160kg Tandamaxle : 14968kg (Note that this is the inverse of the result of the solved equation!!) Based on AASHO Road Test results, the most common approach is to convert axle configuration and axle loads of various magnitudes and repetitions ('mixed traffic') to an equivalent number of "standard" or "equivalent" loads. 1.6. From sample survey data, PCU calculation and traffic listed in survey report the composition of traffic was heavy vehicle 83.76% (in average), medium vehicle 9.18% (in average) and light vehicle 7.05% (in average). The data survey period was 3 days for each direction. The fourth-power rule refers to the equivalent single axle load equations that were derived from converting axles of various configurations and load magnitudes into an equal number of passes of a standard axle. 1094 The final column, the total number of equivalent 18-kip single axle load, is calculated as follows: ESAL = (AADT × 365 days/2 lanes) × EALF Table 17.2- 2 Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL) Cumulative ESAL 2007Y 1,339 6,109 108 15,374 353 131,422 152,905 152,905 2008Y 1,486 6,780 109 15,516 411 153,015 175,311 328,216 This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. (v) . Equivalent Axle Load Factor - How is Equivalent Axle Load Factor abbreviated? Copyright © 2021 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Q load, kN; Q. j Design related project level pavement management - Economic evaluation of alternative pavement design strategies - Reliability / - Pavement design procedures for new construction or reconstruction : Design requirements - Highway pavement ... Circly The equivalent axle load factors are the basis for determin-ing the design traffic and, as a consequence, for designing of road pavements. Found inside – Page 442The axle load equivalency factors are utilized where Pis the quantity of business vehicles according to last tally, to change over various axle load repetitions into equivalent standard axle load repetitions. Road maintenance is a remarkable public cost on most of countries. % of Commercial Volume (CADT) Classification Two Axle Five Axle Heavy 30 - 50 25 - 40 Table 1. + Found inside – Page 350The axle loadings of different vehicles are converted to a number of equivalent standard axles using the AASHO equation and an exponent of 4.0. Any axle load could be taken as the standard axle. In Denmark 100 kN is used. 2) Medium Vehicle: Gross vehicle weight 4 to 10 ton. × If the axle load is not 80 kN or if it consists of tandem or tridem axles, it must be converted to an 80 kN single-axle load by an Equivalent Axle Load Factor (EALF). The exact VDF values are arrived after extensive field . As overloading is increasing, it has to be controlled by rules and regulations with penalty to control the overloading. (2018) Overloading and Pavement Service Life. Therefore, all traffic analyses in this study were based upon these 3-day traffic data. It is one of vital problems to pavement staff how to consider the effect of overload axle on pavement in the pavement design more effectively. a = center of gravity location from vehicle rear axle θ = yaw velocity of vehicle Vξ = lateral velocity of vehicle Vη = longitudinal velocity of vehicle Figure 2.10 Front Tire Slip Angle after Milliken [19] Equation (2.6), which describes the front tire slip angle formula, assumes that the slip angle is small. Found inside – Page 768Note: In case the class mark of the axle load survey does not match with the above axle loads, 4th power law may be used for converting axle loads into equivalent standard axle loads using the following formulae: Single axle load ... 2. The following formula is used to convert the actual, varying axle loads to equivalent standard axles: where [N.sub.s]--number of equivalent standard axles corresponding to the [N.sub.j] number of actual axles; [N.sub.j]--number of actual axles; [F.sub.j]--equivalent axle load factor. EF = L . W t = # of Standard Axle Loads (usually 18 k Axle Loads) at the end of time t. W tx = # of Subject Axle Loads (Axle Loads to be converted . I would like to thank Department of Roads, RSDP Kathmandu for providing the data. Maximum allowable axle load is the axle load as specified by the manufacturer within safe axle load and as per heavy vehicle management policy [7] as shown in Figure 1: 1) Single axle fitted with 2 tires: 6 ton. W The calculated values are shown in Table 4. The ability of a pavement structure in carrying out its function reduces in line with the increase of traffic load, especially if there are overloaded heavy vehicle passing through the road. 3) Use of technology (Automatic overloading information system) may be the effective way to control the overloading and Design should be done as per the actual traffic loading condition. The VDF varies with the axle configuration, axle loading, terrain, type of road, and from region to region. Following formula is used to determine the traffic load for design lane [12] . Pavement Structural Number (SN) The axle load equivalency factors are used to convert different axle load repetitions into equivalent standard axle load repetitions. i When the system is not moving, the sum of all forces and torques equals 0. Pavement temperature has a very strong influence on flexible pavement fatigue and rutting. L And hence the vehicle damage factor varies with the axle configuration, type of load, axle loading, terrain from region to region. T Found inside – Page 76The most critical component of these changes is trie } direct use of the equivalent equivalent single axle load formula és ... of traffic loadings by different types of vehicles in relation to a standard axle load of 18,000 pounds . 13 Found inside – Page 81General and Axle Loads In calculating the effects of traffic on the roads , the model uses three principal factors for each vehicle group , the equivalent standard axle load factor , the gross weight of the typical vehicle , and the ... In general, the equivalence factors of each vehicle are determined using the following formula: Equivalence factors = Axle Load (kg)] 4.5 8160 The equivalent factors for each single axle of a vehicle are then summed up to give the equivalence factors for each of the vehicle as a whole, which is termed as vehicle damaging factors (VDF). 18 ) The method considers traffic in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles . E-mail: © 2009 American Society of Civil Engineering, The Effect of Visco-Elastoplastic Behavior of Asphalt on Thin Asphalt Pavement, Logistics: The Emerging Frontiers of Transportation and Development in China, Research on the Asphalt Mortar's Mechanical Performance of the Guss Asphalt Concrete, Study on Road Application Performance of Asphalt Concrete Reinforced by Fiber and Modified Asphalt, Gradation Stability Evaluation Methods of Asphalt Mixture, Study on the Pavement Damage under Overweight Load, © 1996–2021, American Society of Civil Engineers. axle load survey is carried out to determine the axle load distribution of the heavy vehicles using the road. Study of the “impact of high-pressure tires and single tired axles” indicated that use of single tires have no significant change. A' = Number of the commercial vehicle per day when construction is completed considering the number of lanes. ) Road network plays an important role in any country’s transport and communication. However, as it encompasses the wide range of materials and conditions found in Australia and New Zealand, some parts are broadly based. ( An axle load conversion formula suitable to overload axle is regressed based on deflection equivalent for the asphalt pavement according to data collected in the field. ) Currently, the serious phenomenon of overload widely exists in the Chinese carrying trade. The EF for each axle is calculated using the following formula. D The axle load equivalency factors are used to convert different axle load repetitions into equivalent standard axle load repetitions. Found inside – Page 973The as the equation below: ls = le ⋅ F (1) is the Follow overall the modification above, the le is parameter. the ... K ⋅ =i ⎛ ⎜⎝ P i P ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ i where N = equivalent standard axle load based on design deflection criteria; ... S The VDF of front and rear axles for every type of vehicle were calculated based upon the configuration specification as defined [7] . LEFs multiplied by the number of axle loads within a given weight category and axle configuration (single, dual, tridem) give the number of 18-kip single-axle load applications that will have an equivalent effect on the performance of the pavement structures. log This study was done to know the effect of overloading vehicles on the road pavement and remaining service life of the pavement. Figure 3. The estimated or projected magnitude and occurrence of the various traffic loading are converted to the total number of passes of equivalent standard axle loading ( ESAL ), usually the equivalent 80KN (18kips) single axle load. Two main conclusions have been found [10] . ¯ F. j - equivalent axle load factor; s - standard axle . The major economic impact by overloaded truck traffic is unexpected expenditure on pavement investment. ) CBR Method of pavement design by cumulative standard axle load, where, N s = Cumulative number of standard axle load. As per design report submitted by contractor in 2004, CESAL was taken as 22.22 million ESAL for the year 2014 for design. 3) Light Vehicle: Gross vehicle weight < 4 ton. An axle load conversion formula suitable to overload axle is regressed based on deflection equivalent for the asphalt pavement according to data collected in the field.

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