We scored the participants on their ability to identify clinical signs and make a diagnosis. This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet. Often results in absence of Red Reflex (as opposed to white reflex) Vitreous opacity. 1. The most common cause of a depressed or absent Moro reflex is a generalized disturbance of the central nervous system. Pediatrics May 2002; 109 (5): 980–981. Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics recently published recommendations for the red reflex assessment in the newborn period to detect and treat ocular disorders as early as possible, and to prevent lifelong visual impairment and even save lives. In this report, we describe a patient with unilateral congenital cataract treated with cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation at 8 weeks of age who had a better visual outcome in his operative eye than in his phakic eye. Retinoblastoma. Most people with ONH have abnormal eye movements (nystagmus) and vision can range from no light perception to good. Before fainting occurs, the following indicators of vasovagal syncope may be present, which can be defined by skin, vision, and circulation-related symptoms as well as a few others.. Skin-related Symptoms. 2007; 21(1):301–1309. Found inside – Page 13650Neurology 1994 Jan ; 44 ( 1 ) : 120–2 Gender difference in red blood cell thiopurine J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol ... Comment in : Mayo Prenatal exposure to diazepam causes sex - dependent changes Pathology of cerebral atherosclerosis . Twenty-nine percent of eyes achieved 20/400 or better visual acuities, whereas 38% had light perception or no light perception. Found inside – Page 2Absence of life . 2. ... Premature loss of vitality or degeneration of cells or tissues , especially when due to genetic causes . 2. ... The diminution or abolition of a reflex or other irritability in a body part . abl n . Bruising during birth: A large amount of bruising during birth increases the breakdown of the red blood cells, … An ophthalmologist is a doctor who specialises in eye conditions and their treatment. No cases of retinopathy of prematurity were seen in our series, demonstrating that screening is good or of a lower frequency in France. $828.00. A 2-week-old female infant presented to the pediatric primary care office with her mother for a routine well-baby check. Green. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: Congenital malformation of the eye. 10.1542/peds.109.5.980. Both RSD and CRPS are chronic conditions characterized by severe burning pain, most often affecting one of the extremities (arms, legs, hands, or feet) An abnormal red reflex is a white, yellow or black reflection in one or both eyes. Pain in bones. New() Updated(, Kaposi Sarcoma: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a highly vascular tumor that appears as multiple purple-to-red nodules on the skin and mucous membranes. These findings implicate germinal mutations in the retinoblastoma gene in second cancer mortality. Absence on only one side suggests either a broken shoulder bone or an injury to the group of nerves that run from the lower neck and upper shoulder area into the arm may be present (these nerves are called brachial plexus). Welcome to the New Legacy Laboratory Services Test Menu. Found inside – Page 391The most common cause of absent or diminished red reflex in newborn infants is congenital cataract. ... There are multiple causes of congenital cataract, listed in> Table 33.1. Bilateral cataracts are more likely to be associated with ... Vasovagal syncope symptoms. The equivalent 'latent' period for bilateral visual deprivation may be longer at around 10 weeks. The doctor may inspect the eyes and do similar tests as done in the newborn eye exam. The parents said that no problems were noted when the infant was examined after birth. Before the ophthalmologist examines your baby, they'll apply drops to their eyes to dilate (widen) their pupils. The red reflex or its absence is not related to edema, which may occur after eye prophylaxis, or to eye prophylaxis itself. CRPS is thought to result from damage to the nervous system. Although cataracts can be present from birth (congenital), they sometimes do not develop until a child is older.Â. Premature babies may have a weak or immature sucking ability because of this. On rare occasions, abnormal red reflexes can signal more dangerous eye conditions. The Moro reflex or "startle reflex" is obtained by holding the baby’s head and shoulders off of the mat with the arms held in flexion on the chest. This is mostly manifest latent nystagmus (MLN). Moro Reflex. Score: 4.8/5 (40 votes) . They'll diagnose cataracts if they can see them in the lens. Your GP or optician will usually perform a red reflex test during your child's routine appointments using an ophthalmoscope (a magnifying instrument with a light at one end). ... 3,4,10,11 Several eye conditions can cause white pupil as a first sign, such as congenital cataract, retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, nematode endophthalmitis, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, Coats' disease, ocular toxocariasis, retinal hamartomas, severe refractive error, organized vitreous hemorrhage, ocular albinism, myelinated fibers, and the presenting sign of abusive head trauma. The reflex relies on the transparency of optical media and reflects off the fundus back through media into the aperture of the ophthalmosc… Hence the importance of routine neonatal screening cannot be overemphasized. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 May 10. It helps babies to … The test is technically simple to perform, non-invasive, requires minimal equipment and can detect a variety of ocular pathologies … A retrospective cohort study examined mortality among 1603 patients enrolled at 1 year after diagnosis of retinoblastoma during the period 1914-1984. When Death Nears: Signs and Symptoms. A symptomatic retinal artery occlusion is an ophthalmic emergency that requires immediate evaluation and transfer to a stroke center. Deaths from second tumors were more frequent among females (RR = 39) than males (RR = 22) (P = .007). Congenital cataracts cause a central shadow, completely obscure the red reflex … The incidence of strabismus (>10 PD) was 75% in the IOL group compared with 92% in the CL group (P =.24). If your child is diagnosed with cataracts, the ophthalmologist will discuss the treatment options with you. Details: Available in multiple colors. Any factor that impedes or blocks this optical pathway will result in an abnormality of the red reflex. Benefits. Other important signs to look out for are, Begin at arm's length by shining the ophthalmoscope light into the patient's pupil (you will then see the red reflex). Burning pain. We sought to quantify the mortality from second malignancies among long-term survivors of retinoblastoma and to identify factors that predispose to these deaths. Incorrect. When examining the red reflex, look first for its presence or absence, the color of the reflex, brightness, and importantly, symmetry between eyes. We undertook this study to determine the infectious aetiology of congenital cataract based on the presence of IgM antibodies to TORCHES [(Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), Rubella virus (RV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Syphilis (caused by Treponema pallidum)] in the serum samples of congenital cataract patients. In cases with traumatic scars after severe eye injuries, the results were less satisfactory. Due to the high risk of amblyopia in unilateral cataracts, prompt referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist is indicated Another abnormality that may cause whitish light or spots in the red reflex test is the presence of retinoblastoma, or a tumor of the eye that usually occurs in young children. Presence of IgM antibodies to T. Gondii in the study group was significantly lower when compared to IgM antibodies to RV, CMV and HSV. It was estimated to be responsible for 17% of all neonatal cancers. Many over-the-counter and prescription medications give urine vivid tones, such as red, yellow or greenish blue. Set the lens opening at +8 to +10 diopters. This is also a time of change and transition, both physically and emotionally, and no two people experience the end of life in the same way, The gag reflex is a normal bodily response. Serum samples collected from 593 infants and children (10 days to 12 months old) with clinically diagnosed congenital cataract at Sankara Nethralaya, a referral eye hospital in Chennai, were tested for the presence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies to T. gondii, RV, CMV, HSV by ELISA and specific treponemal antibodies by T. pallidum haemagglutination test (TPHA). Red reflex is considered to be an … An essential component of any eye examination in an infant or child, the red reflex test is an evaluation of reflected light off the ocular fundus. An example of this would be light touching of the skin, which normally is not painful, yet it causes extreme pain perception in CRPS patients, Shop red dot scopes and other optics for sale online from Guns.com at great prices. Sucking reflex . Found inside – Page 578... child, 7 Protein, requirements, reference values, 212t Proteinuria, 355–357 causes of, 355b Proteus infection, ... 406–412 production of, reduced, 412 Red cell aplasia, 405–406 Reflex asystolic syncope, 506b Reflexes absent, ... Found inside – Page 231The newborn is able to detect a loud sound of about 90 dB and reacts with a startle (Moro) reflex. ... a sour solution causes the usual puckering of the lips; and a bitter liquid produces an angry, upset expression. Touch The newborn ... Of the patients with measurable visual acuity (VA), 34 of 45 eyes (75.6%) with bilateral cataracts and only 3 of 16 eyes (18.8%) with unilateral cataract achieved a VA of 20/40 or better. Primary capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy reduce the risk of PCO. Found inside – Page 32The rectal temperature should be allowed to rise by no more than 0.2-0.3°C per hour to 37 ±0.2°C. • The infant's ... Apart from the examination of systems, look for any cleft lip and palate, absence of red reflex, anorectal and spinal ... La fréquence de la persistance du vitré primitif a diminué. This article is available as HTML full text and PDF. Problems with bowel movements or urinating. Add to Wish List Add to Compare. The reflex saving throw measures the ability to dodge attacks such as a wizard's fireball, the lethal breath of a dragon, and many types of traps. A 17-year-old student is a swimmer on her high school’s swim team. To determine whether the red reflex is normal, comparison with the red reflex of a parent of the child may be helpful. Thus, only 14 out of 26 eyes with clear grafts achieved a visual acuity in the range from 0.4 to 1.0, Evaluation of the red reflex: An overview for the pediatrician, Frequency of Common Factors Leading to Leukocoria in Pediatric Age Group at Tertiary Care Eye Hospital: An Observational Study, Photoleukocoria with smartphone photographs, PANNARUPEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA- AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY, Congenital Cataracts; Its Laterality and Association with Consanguinity, Resultado do teste reflexo vermelho em recém-nascidos, Comparative evaluation of a low cost direct ophthalmoscope (Arclight) for red reflex assessment among healthcare workers in Malawi, Dilemmas: Eye Problems in the Newborn: An Evidence and Case-based Guide, End-gaze leukocoria as the first manifestation of retinoblastoma, A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Contact Lens With Intraocular Lens Correction of Monocular Aphakia During Infancy: Grating Acuity and Adverse Events at Age 1 Year, Infectious etiology of congenital cataract based on TORCHES screening in a tertiary eye hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Advances in the management of congenital and infantile cataract, Diagnostic différentiel du rétinoblastome : étude rétrospective de 486 cas, Cataract surgery in the first year of life: Aphakic glaucoma and visual outcomes, Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: Congenital malformation of the eye, Contact lens management of infantile aphakia, Long-term visual outcome of penetrating keratoplasty in infants and children with Peters anomaly, Management of monocular cataract with long-term dilation in children, Mortality From Second Tumors Among Long-Term Survivors of Retinoblastoma, A comparison of grating visual acuity, strabismus, and reoperation outcomes among children with aphakia and pseudophakia after unilateral cataract surgery during the first six months of life, [Differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma: a retrospective study of 486 cases], Anterior Segment Dysgenesis: Peters Anomaly and Sclerocornea, Pseudophakia in children: Precautions, technique, and feasibility, Intraocular lenses and clinical treatment in paediatric cataract, Amblyopia in the phakic eye after unilateral congenital cataract extraction. Found inside – Page 963Reflex(es), contd. - evacuation of bladder and rectum in complete. - of ureteric calculus, 64 - vesical carcinoma, 65 - vesiculitis, 688 fissure causing tenesmus, 782 foreign body(ies), 690 - - causing stricture, 692 - - - tenesmus, ... Both devices were used by 19 optometry students and 17 paediatric doctors based in the Kamuzu Central Hospital Campus in Lilongwe, Malawi. Found inside – Page 318Chapter 16: Caring for the Maternal/Infant Client TABLE 16.2 APGAR Scoring Cry Reflex Heart Rate Respiration Reflexes Irritability Color 0 = Absent 0 = Absent 0 = Absent, flaccid 0 = Absent 0 = Blue 1 = Slow <100 1 = Slow, ... Conclusão: a identificação precoce dos casos de reflexo vermelho alterado reforçou a relevância da atuação do enfermeiro na prevenção da cegueira infantil cujo impacto é significativo na qualidade de vida das crianças. Abnormal or absent red reflexes requiring urgent referral. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) or a severe skin reaction (fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash with blistering and peeling).. A baby seen at 6 weeks of age has one red reflex and one absent reflex. It may be detected solely in end-gaze by the child's parents or in photographs in the early stages of retinoblastoma. 1) Moro Reflex- Sudden head extension causes extension followed by flexion of the arms and legs Age of Appearance Birth Age of Disappearance 4-6 mo Origin in CNS Brainstem vestibular nuclei 2) Grasp Reflex- Placing a finger in palm results in flexing of the infant's fingers, accompanied by flexion at elbow and shoulder Age of Appearance Birth A reflex is built into the nervous system and does not need the intervention of conscious thought to take effect. A published review of unilateral congenital cataract studies, Es wird über Indikation, Technik und Ergebnisse von 45 Keratoplastiken (darunter 3 Replastiken) an 42 Augen von 37 Kindern berichtet. Management During NIPE, if a congenital cataract is suspected, as with other suspected ophthalmic pathologies, a referral should immediately be made to an ophthalmologist for further examination … Found inside – Page 286There is controversy concerning this issue, but we do know it causes pain and trauma to the newborn, and the medical ... fetal viability absent Uterine cramping, backache, and pelvic pressure C. Bright-red vaginal bleeding 1. Método: estudo quantitativo, exploratório, com amostra de 32 recém-nascidos atendidos na consulta de enfermagem em puericultura na Estratégia Saúde da Família. In a series of 25 infants (33 eyes) implanted before 12 months of age, the mean myopic shift at 12 months was 4.83 D. This increased to 5.3 D in infants implanted before 10 weeks. Following are the causes of white pupillary reflex in early life and these causes must be included in the differential diagnosis. Class leading value starts with multi-platform versatility with its DeltaPoint Pro mounting pattern, daylight bright 4 MOA dot with 8 settings, side battery door, up to 5000 hours of battery life, and an included Weaver-style low-rise mount, According to NINDS, the list of symptoms associated with RSD includes: 1 . Conclusion: Leukocoria is an alarming sign specially in pediatrics age group which should be detected and treated promptly. Lumps or bumps under the skin, which may appear blue. Additionally, there are a number of experimental adjuvant therapies that have been shown to be efficacious in animal models, and may be part of the future armamentarium of cancer treatment. Bright light is shone into your child's eyes, enabling the ophthalmologist to look inside them. Usou-se oftalmoscópio direto e gradiente de cores para realizar e classificar o resultado do teste. The mean age at lensectomy was 93 days (range, 2-364 days) with a mean follow-up of 77.5 months (range, 36-166 months). The grafts remained clear in 26 eyes (58%); 8 grafts were moderately opaque and 11 (24%) were completely opaque. Surgical intervention appears to be necessary in over a quarter of eyes. Dark yellow, bright yellow or orange-tinged urine could. action on observing a white reflex (leukocoria) instead of the typical ‘red-eye’ effect as seen in photographs may be vital in the detection of retin-oblastoma or other serious eye conditions. In a relatively high percentage, clear grafts contrast with poor postoperative visual acuity, which may be caused by a variety of complications. In a randomized, multicenter (12 sites) clinical trial, 114 infants with a unilateral congenital cataract were assigned to undergo cataract surgery between 1 to 6 months of age either with or without primary IOL implantation. This is for informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for consulting your physician regarding medical advice pertaining to your health This reflex disappears by 3 months. The decision on aphakia or primary intraocular lens should be individualized as well as correction with contact lens or spectacles. Healthy tympanic membranes are usually pearly gray. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. Glaucoma is the most serious postoperative complication and depends on the timing of the surgery, primary lens implantation and time of post surgical follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic performance or ‘ease of use’ between the AO and the TDO when attempting to detect abnormal red reflexes in simulated eyes. Newborn Reflexes. To report the incidence of aphakic glaucoma following lensectomy in infants in their first year of life and examine the impact of this diagnosis on visual outcome. Follow @paedspearls Tweet 6 week check series – The Absent Red Reflex – with thanks to Dr Sarah Prentice Importance of red reflex examination at the 6 week check Early detection of potentially sight and life-threatening eye disease. Follow this reflex until your forehead rests on your thumb—you should immediately see the optic disc Any difference between the eyes, an absence of the red reflex or an abnormal colour (Figures 2 -4) may indicate a serious illness. An August 2018 study by the University of Melbourne in the. If the assessment is difficult, it can be helpful to assess the parents’ red reflexes to determine the expected reflex colour. cough reflex: [ re´fleks ] a reflected action or movement; the sum total of any particular automatic response mediated by the nervous system. When examining the red reflex, look first for its presence or absence, the color of the reflex, brightness, and importantly, symmetry between eyes.How to perform red reflex testing: Make sure the lights in the room are turned off, making the red reflex easier to see. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of R29.2 - other international versions of ICD-10 R29.2 may differ. Prompt education of pediatricians should be empowered in order to achieve careful vision screening, according to current guidelines. A direct ophthalmoscope, set to a lens power of “0,” is projected onto both eyes from a distance of 18 inches. Absence on both sides suggests damage to the brain or spinal cord. In 5 cases keratoplasties were performed on both eyes. Pink, red or brownish discoloration might indicate blood in the urine, or hematuria 2. This includes the nerves that control the blood vessels and sweat glands. Absence of the Moro reflex in an infant is abnormal. Aimpoint Micro H-2 Red Dot Reflex Sight 2 MOA, AR-15 Ready - 200211 . About Dana Trentini. If your baby's eye looks cloudy, it could be a sign they have cataracts. The most common cause is hypoglycemia, so any baby with this kind of activity on examination should have a glucose level checked. Apart from absent red reflex, other presentations of congenital cataract include nystagmus and a baby who is unaware of his/her surroundings or unable to fix & follow. The red reflex is considered abnormal if there is any asymmetry between the eyes, dark spots, or white reflex (Leukocoria) When infected or otherwise inflamed, this layer can appear quite red, a condition known as conjunctivitis. It is a congenital tumour of retina. Red urine is a red flag to immediately consult a physician. Opacities may be white or yellow, show black focal areas, or there may simply be an overall dim reflex. CRPS has acute (recent, short-term) and chronic (lasting greater than six months) forms. ... 2,3 The assessment of the red reflex or Bruckner Test by means of the direct ophthalmoscope is a very simple, useful, quick, non-invasive, and effective tool for detecting leukocoria in neonates. Reflex vasodilation below the level of the spinal cord injury places the client at risk for. If it's thought your baby or child may have cataracts, they'll usually be referred to hospital to see an ophthalmologist as soon as possible.Â. Problems with breathing or swallowing. The nurse is conducting a prenatal class explaining the various activities which will occur within the first 4 hours after birth. Material and Methods: This study was conducted in Ophthalmology department, Holy family hospital, Rawalpindi, from 2 nd January 2013 to 2 nd February 2014. There are also some things you can look out for at home. Of the 486 children seen during this period, 408 had unilateral or bilateral retinoblastoma and 78 (16%) had another lesion: Coats disease (20 children, 25%), congenital malformations (23 children, 30%; coloboma, PHPV, microphthalmia, isolated or associated with retinal dysplasia), other tumors (10 children, 13%; astrocytomas and medulloepithelioma), combined hamartomas (six children, 8%), inflammatory diseases (six children, 8%) (Toxocara canis, cat scratch eye disease, or toxoplasmosis), and other diseases (13 children, 16%; corneal opacities, congenital cataract, or retinal detachment). Burris FastFire Reflex Red Dot Sight for Rifles, Pistols and Shotguns. An absent red reflex usually suggests sight-threatening pathology (cataract) and may mean life-threatening pathology (retinoblastoma) Dark spots in the red reflex, a markedly diminished reflex, the presence of a white reflex, or asymmetry of the reflexes (Bruckner reflex) are all indications for referral to an ophthalmologist who is experienced in the examination of children, Red reflexes can only be described as normal if they are: Equal in colour, intensity and clarity with no opacities or white spots (2 Abnormal red reflex test after delivery enables a rapid ophthalmologic diagnosis, intervention and close followup. A red reflex test is recommended for all infants and should ideally be performed for the first time between the first two weeks and two months of life. To determine whether the red reflex is normal, comparison with the red reflex of a parent of the child may be helpful Correct terminology The term fundal reflex is preferred over red reflex as the colour of the healthy reflex varies depending on a patient's skin colour. Retinal Detachment; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Toxocariasis [11] reported that Treatment depends on the size of the tumor and its laterality, systemic status and metastasis of the tumor. EoE is the most common cause of white blood cells in the esophagus, but a number of other things (like GERD, parasites, and inflammatory bowel disease) can also be the problem.And. Therefore, its presence is always concerning and requires urgent referral to an ophthalmologist. Red reflex test (RRT) is a simple, non-invasive method that can be performed easily by pediatricians during the clinical examination in neonatal period, infancy and childhood. EoE Diagnosis. It is essential that the referring practitioner communi-cate the abnormal findings directly to the ophthalmol- The reflex can be less bright and of yellow/brown hue in non-Caucasian babies. Préciser les problèmes les plus fréquents de diagnostic différentiel du rétinoblastome. Palmar grasp reflex. Using the glass test on a rash that appears on someone's skin will help you to determine whether the rash is a medical emergency or not. Autonomic dysreflexia is a potentially dangerous and, in rare cases, lethal clinical syndrome that develops in individuals with spinal cord injury, resulting in acute, uncontrolled hypertension.All caregivers, practitioners, and therapists who interact with individuals with spinal cord injuries must be aware of this syndrome, recognize the symptoms, and understand the causes and treatment. Therefore, RRT has been established by international guidelines and should be an essential component of pediatricians clinical practice. Overall, IgM antibodies to one or more of the four infectious agents were detected in 20.2 per cent of the study population, and among these co-infections to more than one infectious agents were detected in 12.5 per cent. The development of aphakic glaucoma was not associated with worse visual outcomes (p < 0.315). Method: this is a quantitative, exploratory study with a sample of 32 newborns attended at the nursing consultation in childcare in the Family Health Strategy. The red reflex is most easily seen when the observer's line of sight is aligned with the light source into the eye. Found inside – Page 1757Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) a form of hemolytic anemia involving autoantibodies against red blood cell antigens. ... Biliary atresia a condition in newborn children in which the biliary tract is blocked or absent, causing bile ... Metaphyseal lucent bands in the neonate may result from changes associated with chronic stress or from congenital infections. Resultados: dos 32 recém-nascidos, 94% (30) apresentaram reflexo vermelho normal e 6% (2) suspeitos. To be considered a BRUE, the event must resolve within one minute on its own. Russell HC, McDougall V, Dutton GN. Visual deprivation has a significant impact on the development of fixation stability. by Jack on January 2, 2012 at 12:01 am. At six to 12 months, a second screening is done, often during a well-child examination. Red reflex examination is recommended for all infants. Retrospective cohort study. Neural Exam - Newborn reflexes - Moro. The examiner suddenly lets the head and shoulders drop back a few inches while releasing the arms. Found inside – Page 359These lesions are red, with whitish borders and absent papillae in the center. ... Touching the uvula elicits the gag reflex; this also tests the function of CNs IX (glossopharyngeal) and X. In a jaundiced child, the hard palate is ... Also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), this type occurs after an illness. Improved outcomes are attributable, in part, to surgical intervention at an earlier age. Number of deaths, by cause, was compared with the corresponding expected figure based on U.S. mortality data for the general population for 1925-1990. In 5 Fällen wurde an beiden Augen eine Transplantation vorgenommen. After reviewing data from these articles, it is supported that red reflex remains an effective tool of undeniable importance for early detection of severe eye conditions, such as cataract, retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity and glaucoma. She had no apparent dysmorphic features. The Stepping Reflex in Newborns. A small amount of mucus in your stool is nothing to be concerned about; large amounts of mucus or mucus accompanied with blood or pus can be the result of a number of infections or conditions (see below) and should be investigated by a doctor. You should also make sure your child has routine eye tests to check for any problems with their vision. Found inside – Page 215The zika virus is a mosquitoborne disease that in the pregnant mother usually causes a mild flu-like illness and the baby develops microcephaly. ... Hearing should Presentation: Opacity in optical media, absent red reflex (Fig. Our preliminary data suggest that correcting aphakia after unilateral congenital cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation results in an improved visual outcome but a higher rate of complications requiring reoperation. The most important components of an office eye examination which will distinguish the presence of serious causes of visual disturbances are visual acuity, red reflex, and fundoscopy.An absent or reduced red reflex indicates an opacity of the cornea (infection or scar), lens (cataract), or …

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