The proliferation of ALPR technology raises serious civil rights and civil liberties concerns. 7 footnote28_7599yf0 footnote39_oanl3qk Third, the Court considered the extent to which the long-term CSLI retention allowed officers to effectively create a time machine of a person’s movements. In fact, the vast majority of scans capture information about drivers who are not suspected of any wrongdoing. 4 With car travel expected to increase as states begin slowly loosening restrictions, ALPRs may play a larger role in law enforcement. When police officers solicit data from private ALPR systems, the decision to share information is up to the individual homeowner or the private company providing the service. Rev. These DNR talkgroups are mainly for unit to unit coordination. 17 Any such assessment would require consideration of the ALPR’s additional costs and benefits described here. 31 - Jan. Torrington Police Department • 576 Main Street • Torrington, CT 06790 • Phone: 860-489-2007. gov Attorney General's Office Election Line Police Frequencies For Your Scanner. Many advocates of arms control believed that effective verification would reduce tensions and lessen the risk of war. This book analyses the two main issues of verification. 8 California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 392 (1985); see also New York v. Class, 475 U.S. 106, 113 (1986) (“Automobiles are justifiably the subject of pervasive regulation by the State. Service Area 3 - Cherokee, Clay, Dickinson, Emmet, Ida, Lyon, Monona, O'Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Sioux, Woodbury counties. How Do Automatic License Plate Readers Work? Similarly, public agencies that collect and store ALPR data for non–law enforcement purposes may hold onto a dataset that proves alluring for police departments. 28 Fortunately, adaptation is in the SOF DNA. This book examines the changes affecting SOF and offers possible solutions to the complexities that are challenging many long-held assumptions. But while a person might turn off their cell phone while they travel, it may be almost impossible to avoid traveling some roads without exposing one’s vehicle to ALPRs. Jesse Marx, “Police Used Smart Streetlight Footage to Investigate Protesters,”. Stat. Similarly, ALPRs automatically collect information about every car that passes within their range. Markowitz, “Pay This Fee, or Go to Jail.”. 2007); U.S. v. Ellison, 462 F.3d 557 (6th Cir. Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014); United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012); Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. 2206. at 502. The Brennan Center works to reform and defend our country’s systems of democracy and justice. footnote30_tbggfls The Brennan Center is a nonpartisan law and policy institute, striving to uphold the values of democracy. See Cal. Location tracking via ALPR databases raises many of the same concerns outlined in Carpenter; an application of its framework should lead courts to conclude that police must first obtain a warrant before searching historical location information from ALPR databases. These gang databases are notoriously unreliable, as they rely on vague and often contradictory criteria for inclusion. COLBERT, Wash. Traffic Stop On Highway 115 Leads To Impaired Driving, Speeding Charges. Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2213 (2018) (quoting Camara v. Municipal Court of City and County of San Francisco, 387 U.S. 523, 528 (1967)). Correction? Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2216. Prashant Gopal and Brian K. Sullivan, “Rhode Island Police to Hunt Down New Yorkers Seeking Refuge,” Bloomberg, March 27, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-27/rhode-island-police-to-hunt-down-new-yorkers-seeking-refuge. Leona enjoyed needlepoint bingo and listening to her scanner. However, make sure to verify the codes with your local law enforcement agency as they differ from agency to agency. 3 Stat. footnote29_h1dd44x 16 Its reasoning has been twofold. This is information that goes far beyond the legitimate need to find stolen cars or vehicles linked to AMBER Alerts. Recent events crystalize ongoing concerns. Crump, You Are Being Tracked, 5–6; Dave Maass and Beryl Lipton, “Data Driven: What Is ALPR?” Electronic Frontier Foundation, San Francisco, CA, November 15, 2018, https://www.eff.org/pages/what-alpr. footnote7_whqlwks District 3 headquartered in Sioux City covers Buena Vista, Calhoun, Carroll, Cherokee, Clay, Crawford, Dickinson, Emmet, Ida, Lyon, Monona, O'Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Pocahontas, Sac, Sioux, and Woodbury counties. See Knotts, 460 U.S. at 283–84. This section contains a number of recommendations for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and technology vendors. In light of the wide saturation of license plate readers, it is critical that the use of these devices be accurate, bias-free, and protective of established legal values and constitutional rights. See, e.g., Katie Schoolov, “As Protests over the Killing of George Floyd Continue, Here’s How Police Use Powerful Surveillance Tech to Track Them,” CNBC, June 18, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/18/heres-how-police-use-powerful-surveillance-tech-to-track-protestors.html; Benjamin Wofford, “The Genius of Protesting in Car Caravans,” Washingtonian, June 1, 2020, https://www.washingtonian.com/2020/06/01/the-genius-of-protesting-in-car-caravans/; Caroline Haskins and Ryan Mac, “Here Are the Minneapolis Police’s Tools to Identify Protesters,” BuzzFeed News, May 29, 2020, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolinehaskins1/george-floyd-protests-surveillance-technology; and Catherine E. Shoichet, “They Can’t March in the Streets. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 35 (2001). 1 18 footnote37_imnstad footnote38_g842286 These queries happen automatically, though officers can also query plates manually. United States v. Yang, No. Is It Racial Profiling?,”, See Alice Speri, “New York Gang Database Expanded by 70 Percent Under Mayor Bill de Blasio,”. Stat. 14 Petition for Appeal, Neal v. Fairfax County Police Department, 4. The Brennan Center works to build an America that is democratic, just, and free. The RTA provides transit service for the general public, including people with disablities, in Delaware, Dubuque, and Jackson Counties. footnote6_8ikr2ip Found inside – Page 14The police scanner squawked to life again. “25-584, Oakland,” it said. “11-83, burning vehicle, ... Please notify Livermore P.D. we're coming through town Code-3.” “681 is rolling from 680 and Sunol Valley Road to assist, ... Ways we can make our society more civil, our police more humane, our population more responsible. Sociology. Cuts closer to the bone of truth about the police in America than any book I have read.--NY Times Book Review The case involved police officers’ use of ALPR hot list notifications to track the defendant’s movements as he traveled across two bridges over the course of two months. And there is always the specter of more flagrant abuse, such as putting a political opponent’s license plate on a hot list and using it to keep track of that person’s whereabouts. For the non-commercial sales of non-firearms related items. About 0% of these are Walkie Talkie, 0% are A wide variety of pc police scanner options are available to you, such as after-sales service, colourWalkie Talkie Handheld Radio Scanner Police Fire Transceiver Portable Antenna UK. It annually hosts the Iowa State Fair in late summer, Iowa Statewide Interoperable Communications System (ISICS), Marshalltown / Grundy Center Area Supervisor, Charles City / Osage / New Hampton Area Supervisor, Garner / Algona / Swea City Area Supervisor, Sioux City Hamilton / Leeds Area Supervisor, Correctionville / Le Mars / Alton Area Supervisor, Sac City / Rockwell City / Carroll / Pocahontas Area Supervisor, Sloan / Ida Grove / Onawa / Denison Area Supervisor, Cherokee / Storm Lake / Spencer / Emmetsburg / Spirit Lake Area Supervisor, Creston / Greenfield / Mt Ayr Area Supervisor, Council Bluffs North / South Area Supervisor, Pacific Junction / Sidney Area Supervisor, Chariton, Knoxville, and Albia Area Supervisor, Oskaloosa, Ottumwa, and Bloomfield Area Supervisor, Muscatine, Washington, and Wapello Area Supervisor, Mount Plesant, Sigourney, and Fairfield Area Supervisor, Highway Helper - Cedar Rapids / Iowa City area, Metropolitan Incident Command Radio Network, Iowa State Patrol Patch - Des Moines BASE - 155.640, Iowa State Patrol Patch - Des Moines LEA - 155.790, Gilmore City Fire / First Responder Dispatch. To be sure, license plate readers have had some high-profile successes: a man accused of stabbing several people after breaking into a rabbi’s home during a Hanukkah celebration was found in part due to an alert from an ALPR device; a Tennessee girl abducted by her noncustodial father was recovered when a license plate camera spotted his car; and police were able to use information from a license plate reader to help halt a string of random shootings on highways in Kansas City, Missouri. In 2014, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit considered an erroneous ALPR alert that led to a traffic stop in which a woman was detained and held at gunpoint. 5 Area D contains Cedar Rapids dispatch and operates in Benton(D11), Cedar(D12), Clinton(D12), Davis(D13), Des Moines(D13), Henry(D13), Iowa(D11), Jackson(D12), Jefferson(D13), Johnson(D11), Jones(D12), Keokuk(D13), Lee(D13), Linn(D11), Louisa(D13), Mahaska(D13), Muscatine(D12), Poweshiek(D11), Scott(D12), Tama(D11), Van Buren(D13), Wapello(D13), and Washington(D13) counties. 7 Brian A. Reaves, Local Police Departments, 2013: Equipment and Technology, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, July 2015, 4, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd13et.pdf. 43 Cars connect people with work, love, school, prayer, and protest. McCarthy, 484 Mass. License plate readers have also been known to capture private information, such as shots of children exiting a car in the driveway of a home or activity inside an open garage — information that surely should not be retained. The Carpenter Court also reasoned that individuals do not truly voluntarily share their location data with wireless carriers; instead, the data is automatically collected simply by possessing a cell phone — a device the Court described as “indispensable to participation in modern society” — and by connecting to a mobile network. District 1 headquartered in Ames covers Boone, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hardin, Jasper, Marshall, Polk, Poweshiek, Story, Tama, and Webster counties, District 2 headquarted in Mason City covers Allamakee, Black Hawk, Bremer, Butler, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Clayton, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Hancock, Howard, Humboldt, Kossuth, Mitchell, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Worth, and Wright counties. "Security engineering is different from any other kind ofprogramming. . . . if you're even thinking of doing any securityengineering, you need to read this book." — Bruce Schneier "This is the best book on computer security. 11 19 plus-circle Add Review. Specifically, first, Carpenter instructs courts to consider the capacity of a technology to enable ongoing surveillance that would have been unimaginable before the digital age. 32 It then analyzes both the legal and policy landscapes, including how courts have ruled on the use of ALPRs, and how they can be expected to rule in the future. . Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2219–20. Similarly, a majority of Americans rely on driving in order to fully participate in society, and their movements are logged by ALPRs by virtue of simply driving and parking on public roads. § 2.2-3800(C)(7). If you are looking for police scanner ten codes for the state of California, you’ve come to the right place. These DNR talkgroups are mainly for unit to unit coordination. Jessica Porter, “Aurora Police Detain Black Family after Mistaking Their Vehicle as Stolen,” ABC7 Denver, August 3, 2020. DNR officers also have access to the Department of Public Safety talkgroups and will usually use those for dispatching purposes. Kristina Bravo, “LAPD Suspends Use of CalGang Database Months after Announcing Probe of Officers Accused of Falsifying Information,” KTLA Los Angeles, January 20, 2020. See, e.g., Glenn Greenwald, “Government Harassing and Intimidating Bradley Manning Supporters,” Salon, November 9, 2010, http://www.salon.com/2010/11/09/manning_2. POLICE 10 CODES. Eric Markowitz, “Pay This Fee, or Go to Jail: How License Plate Scanner Vigilant Solutions Makes [sic] Money in Texas,” International Business Times, February 3, 2016, http://www.ibtimes.com/pay-fee-or-go-jail-how-license-plate-scanner-vigilant-solutions-makes-money-texas-2290835. 41 In her concurrence, Justice Sonia Sotomayor observed that inexpensive location tracking “makes available at a relatively low cost such a substantial quantum of intimate information about any person whom the Government, in its unfettered discretion, chooses to track” that it “may ‘alter the relationship between citizen and government in a way that is inimical to democratic society.’” More recently, the Court’s application of the Fourth Amendment has evolved significantly in response to technological “innovations in surveillance tools.” For example, government agencies use license plate readers to automate toll collection and for pollution research; businesses analyze ALPR location data when assessing loan applications to help verify an applicant’s listed home address or to detect commercial use of vehicles when analyzing insurance claims; and private individuals and neighborhood associations can buy ALPRs for home and neighborhood security purposes. Kansas v. Glover, 140 S. Ct. 1183 (2020). 34 District 6 headquartered in Cedar Rapids covers Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Dubuque, Iowa, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Linn, and Scott counties. This includes the license plate reads collected by their own devices, as well as those provided by other law enforcement agencies, by private vendors, and voluntarily by businesses and individuals. 4 Moreover, access to ALPR tools and data is not limited to law enforcement. footnote17_si4upxr footnote18_olpppg9 Face recognition technologies (FRTs) have many practical security-related purposes, but advocacy groups and individuals have expressed apprehensions about their use. Law enforcement use of ALPR data is not limited to reads captured by departments’ own devices; many departments have contracts with vendors that grant them access to private databases containing scans from private ALPRs and from other local and federal law enforcement agencies. UPDATE: Pedestrian Identified from Fatal Crash on NE Portland Hwy - 10/15/21. Updated with the latest advances from the field, GUIDE TO COMPUTER FORENSICS AND INVESTIGATIONS, Fifth Edition combines all-encompassing topic coverage and authoritative information from seasoned experts to deliver the most comprehensive ... Green, 751 F.3d 1039 at 1041. 23 Code Ann. Service Area 7 - Buena Vista, Calhoun, Hamilton, Humboldt, Pocahontas, Sac, Webster counties. If the trial court’s ruling is upheld, the Fairfax County Police will be required to purge ALPR data that is not linked to a criminal investigation and to stop using ALPRs to passively collect data on people who are not suspected of criminal activity. Correction? Separate from Fourth Amendment considerations, courts have also considered how ALPR technology may violate privacy protections under state law. City of Chicago Office of Inspector General, Mark Bowes, “Police Recorded License Plates at Obama Inauguration,”. 2014) (ruling that “an unconfirmed hit on the ALPR does not, alone, form the reasonable suspicion necessary to support an investigatory detention”). Over time, the Court has ruled that law enforcement must obtain a warrant before searching a suspect’s cell phone during an arrest (even though it had previously allowed warrantless searches incident to arrest), before installing a GPS tracker on an automobile for long-term monitoring (despite precedent suggesting that vehicular movements are not private), and before obtaining historical cell-site location information revealing an individual’s daily movements (although third-party information can normally be obtained without a warrant). Code Ann. See Megan Brenan, “83% of U.S. As more companies sell ALPRs to homeowners, additional data sharing concerns emerge. WJAC-TV/6 News is the NBC affiliate serving 10 counties in west-central Pennsylvania. Code Ann. May 4, 2020), https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2020/05/04/18-10341.pdf. This professional guide and reference examines the challenges of assessing security vulnerabilities in computing infrastructure. DOWNLOAD OPTIONS download 2339 files . Although there is an important discussion and analysis to be had regarding non–law enforcement applications, such as ALPR use to help institute congestion pricing or to automate toll collection, they are outside the scope of this report. These are intended as starting points, as the circumstances and implementation of ALPR use reforms will vary by jurisdiction. Police scanner dealers (615) 791-3234. . ALPR technology is expanding at a rapid rate, with growing databases containing billions of license plate scans, and with governmental and private ALPR devices capturing larger swaths of cities. However, there is a risk that police departments and legislators may incorrectly propose surveillance as a neutral alternative. For example, the California state auditor found that law enforcement can input information including personal information such as names, addresses, dates of birth, and physical descriptions, and they can also store criminal justice information such as criminal charges and warrant information. The following are the radio dispatch logs from the Morgan City Police Department. Found insideHe was just past the exit for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, on his way to Altamont Pass, where, his police scanner informed him, there was a need for a coroner's wagon. Lance assumed he wouldn't find any human parts for ... ALPRs could prove valuable in police investigations and for non–law enforcement uses like helping government agencies to reduce traffic and curb environmental pollution. In Kyllo v. U.S. (2001), for instance, the Supreme Court held that police need a warrant before they can use a thermal imager to detect heat coming from a garage. See U.S. v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276, 281 (1983); see also Cardwell v. Lewis, 417 U.S. 583, 590 (1974) (plurality opinion); Town of Woodworth, 132 So.3d 422 (La. https://isicsb.iowa.gov/isics-statewide-radio-platform, Region 1 includes Boone, Calhoun, Carroll, Dallas, Greene, Grundy, Hamilton, Hardin, Jasper, Marshall, Polk, Poweshiek, Story, Tama, Warren and Webster Counties, Region 2 includes Allamakee, Bremer, Butler, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Emmet, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Hancock, Howard, Humboldt, Kossuth, Mitchell, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Worth and Wright counties, Region 3 includes Buena Vista, Cherokee, Clay, Crawford, Dickinson, Ida, Lyon, Monona, O'Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Pocahontas, Sac, Sioux and Woodbury counties, Region 4 includes Adair, Adams, Audubon, Cass, Clarke, Decatur, Fremont, Guthrie, Harrison, Madison, Mills, Montgomery, Page, Pottawattamie, Ringgold, Shelby, Taylor and Union counties, Region 5 includes Appanoose, Davis, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Keokuk, Lee, Louisa, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe, Muscatine, Van Buren, Wapello, Washington and Wayne counties, Region 6 includes Benton, Black Hawk, Buchanan, Cedar, Clayton, Clinton, Delaware, Dubuque, Iowa, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Linn and Scott counties, Area A contains Des Moines dispatch and operates in Appanoose(D2), Boone(D1), Clarke(D2), Dallas(D1), Decatur(D2), Jasper(D1), Lucas(D2), Madison(D2), Marion(D2), Marshall(D1), Monroe(D2), Polk(D1), Ringgold(D2), Story(D1), Union(D2), Warren(D2), and Wayne(D2) counties. Livermore Ave Livermore, CA 94550 (925) 371-4900 Crime rate in Tracy, CA The 2019 crime rate in Tracy, CA is 171 (City-Data. Carpenter, 138 S. Ct. at 2214. Historical ALPR data similarly chronicles the movements of all vehicles, regardless of the registered owner’s connection to a suspected crime. footnote9_8r8xqq5 footnote3_86mr3ck Finally, it concludes with a set of recommendations for law enforcement, lawmakers, and technology vendors to enhance transparency and accountability and mitigate the impact of this technology on individuals’ civil liberties and civil rights. 26 According to a 2020 California state auditor report, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) alone has accumulated more than 320 million license plate scans, and the Sacramento Police Department recorded up to 1.7 million scans in just one week. A radical anthropologist studies the global justice movement. Roberts and Casanova, Automated License Plate Recognition Systems, 8–9. 27 38 Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act, VA Code Ann. District 5 headquartered in Fairfield covers Appanoose, Clarke, Davis, Decatur, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Keokuk, Lee, Louisa, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe, Muscatine, Van Buren, Wapello, Warren, Washington, and Wayne counties. District 3 contains Adair, Adams, Audubon, Carroll, Cass, Clarke, Crawford, Dallas, Decatur, Fremont, Greene, Guthrie, Harrison, Madison, Mills, Montgomery, Monona, Page, Pottawattamie, Ringgold, Shelby, Taylor, and Union counties. Next, it outlines a series of concerns, ranging from high error rates to the impact on civil liberties and civil rights. at 508–9. Public Safety Code § 3-509(b)(1)(2)(c)(2)(ii) (establishing mandatory audits of ALPR systems). Kristina Bravo, “LAPD Suspends Use of CalGang Database Months after Announcing Probe of Officers Accused of Falsifying Information,” KTLA Los Angeles, January 20, 2020, https://ktla.com/news/local-news/lapd-suspends-use-of-calgang-database-months-after-announcing-probe-of-officers-accused-of-falsifying-information/. Kansas v. Glover, 140 S. Ct. 1183 (2020). But this book doesn't just catalog the future; it lays down guidelines to follow, new rules for how things are created, that make it the ultimate handbook for anyone who wants to embrace the true future of making." Without policies governing the type of data that is collected, stored, and shared, these government data sets may create a frictionless data sharing opportunity that frustrates attempts to limit law enforcement access to ALPR data. Rev. footnote35_cuq0jqa Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014); United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012); See, e.g., Auditor of the State of California. Courts have also considered whether an ALPR hit provides sufficient justification for a police officer to stop a car. footnote29_y24xtr1 See, e.g., Anita Chabria, “A Routine Police Stop Landed Him on California’s Gang Database. 15 2 For example, Vigilant Solutions (owned by Motorola Solutions), a leading provider of ALPR data to police based in Livermore, California, sells access to its database of more than 5 billion license plate scans collected across the country, including 1.5 billion reads provided by law enforcement agencies. In addition to information generated by ALPRs, police officers can also add to and store sensitive information in the databases housing license plate scans through open text fields and hot lists available in the user interface. 99. The Westcom Dispatch Center is a consolidated public safety dispatch facility that receives public safety related calls and dispatches police, fire and emergency medical services for the cities of Clive, Norwalk, Urbandale, Waukee and West Des Moines. 17 See, e.g., Hernandez-Lopez v. State, 319 Ga. App. Similar themes run through the Court’s decision in Carpenter v. U.S. (2018), which holds that police must get a warrant before they can obtain historical information from cell phone providers about the location of individuals’ mobile phones (known as cell-site location information, or CSLI). footnote23_yo5t6lx Found inside – Page 993International Radio Convention and the Radio Act 310 International Security and Cooperation 759 International Space Station ... 167 Law Enforcement Access Field 924 lawmaker 7 Lawrence Livermore Laborator 46 layers marine 235 LCD 173, ... Found inside – Page 726The first major industrial application of laser technology appeared in the form of the supermarket scanner in 1974. ... Scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, have developed a laser that can ... Tim Cushing, “Deputies Sued after False ALPR Hit Leads to Guns-Out Traffic Stop of California Privacy Activist,”. footnote1_olnp3sd 8 million as of 2014 and covering 163,696 square miles, California has one of the most diverse terrains and climate in the United States. Sadie Gurman, “AP: Across US, Police Officers Abuse Confidential Databases,” Associated Press, September 27, 2016, Gurman, “Police Officers Abuse Confidential Databases.”, See, e.g., Cyrus Farivar, “FBI Really Doesn’t Want Anyone to Know About 'Stingray' Use by Local Cops,”, Adam Goldman and Matt Apuzzo, “NYPD Defends Tactics over Mosque Spying; Records Reveal New Details on Muslim Surveillance,”. NEW YORK (AP) — A California man pleaded guilty Friday to threatening harm in text messages sent during the attack on the Capitol to a New York … See, e.g., Dave Maass and Beryl Lipton, “Data Driven: Explore How Cops Are Collecting and Sharing Our Travel Patterns Using Automated License Plate Readers,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, San Francisco, CA, November 15, 2018. The only limitations on this ongoing surveillance of all cars traveling a public road are the number of ALPRs and the data retention policies maintained by police or third-party vendors. Chief of Police Livermore Police Department 1110 South Livermore Ave Livermore, CA 94550 (925) 371-4900 (non-emergency) Emergency: 9-1-1 Report a crime or incident needing an officer response: 925-371-4987 To make a non-emergency online report for property crimes and non-criminal incidents, click here. Kirsten Atkins, “Statement — Kirsten Atkins, Target of Illegal Spying,” American Civil Liberties Union, New York, NY. CHESHIRE — One person is dead and others injured after a late-night collision in town Tuesday, according to police. See, e.g., “Privacy Policy for Flock Safety,” Flock Safety Group, Inc. (website), Atlanta, GA, updated February 22, 2017, Rocco Parascandola and Tina Moore, “NYPD Unveils New $40 Million Super Computer System that Uses Data from Network of Cameras, License Plate Readers and Crime Reports,”, Carol Robinson, “Birmingham Police Will Fight Crime with All-Seeing Live Technology,”, See, e.g., Shawn Musgrave, “Massachusetts Police Lack Policies for License Plate Scanners,”.

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