On May 8, 2018, President Donald Trump signed National Security Presidential Memorandum 11, "ceasing U.S. participation in the JCPOA [Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action] and taking additional action to counter Iran's malign influence and ... ), wheat, sugar cane, milk, sugar beet, tomatoes, barley, potatoes, oranges, poultry, apples, petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments, 30.5 million (2017 est. Sanctions that are not related to Iran’s nuclear program remain in effect, and these—plus fears over the possible re-imposition of nuclear-related sanctions—will continue to deter foreign investors from engaging with Iran. ), 33.72 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est. Conservative clerical forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah KHOMEINI established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who, according to the constitution, is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts (AOE) - a popularly elected 88-member body of clerics. )imports of goods and services: -24.9% (2017 est. Government revenues April to December 2020 (9M-2020/21) were only 55% of the approved budget for the entire year. Systematically analyzes the impacts and the effectiveness of UN targeted sanctions over the past quarter century. Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan, total: 1,648,195 sq kmland: 1,531,595 sq kmwater: 116,600 sq km, almost 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska, total: 5,894 kmborder countries (7): Afghanistan 921 km, Armenia 44 km, Azerbaijan 689 km, Iraq 1599 km, Pakistan 959 km, Turkey 534 km, Turkmenistan 1148 km, 2,440 km - note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km), territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulfcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast, rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts, highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,625 mlowest point: Caspian Sea -28 mmean elevation: 1,305 m, petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur, agricultural land: 30.1% (2018 est. Private sector activity includes small-scale workshops, farming, some manufacturing, and services, in addition to medium-scale construction, cement production, mining, and metalworking. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism and was subject to US, UN, and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and concerns over possible military dimensions of its nuclear program until Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) Implementation Day in 2016. Iran’s economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon, agricultural, and service sectors, as well as a noticeable state presence in the manufacturing and financial services. 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Yellen Touts Build Back Better Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas (UNLV) Center for Business and Economic Research Outlook Conference, If families have kids aged 0 to 17 & have not claimed their #ChildTaxCredit, they must act by Monday, November 15th… https://t.co/6uPuVYIaPg, Today, Treasury issued program guidance for the State Small Business Credit Initiative (SSBCI), which provides $10… https://t.co/IDh9GlnFtW, Form 941, employer's quarterly federal tax return. Its primary focus is on the ways in which the sanctions applied to Iran have changed US and Iranian competition since the fall of 2011. )$12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est. These businesses will add even more to Iran’s bottom line. To learn more about cookies, click here. )other: 63.1% (2018 est. We face big challenges to help the world’s poorest people and ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth. Inflationary pressures also increased in 2020/21, as the Iranian rial depreciated due to a limited supply of foreign exchange and heightened economic uncertainty. The Iranian authorities have adopted a comprehensive strategy of market-based reforms for their 20-year economic vision and five-year development plan for 2016/17 to 2021/22. During the period 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces. ), general assessment: challenged by censorship and international sanctions; large, youthful, tech-savvy demographic with unmet demand; state-owned operators provided special offerings for services during pandemic, driving mobile broadband and deployment of 4G to nearly all of the population; government expanding fiber network and preparing for 5G to grow digital economy and smart city infrastructure; importer of broadcasting and computer equipment from UAE and China (2021) (2020)domestic: 35 per 100 for fixed-line and 142 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions; investment by Iran's state-owned telecom company has greatly improved and expanded both the fixed-line and mobile cellular networks; a huge percentage of the cell phones in the market have been smuggled into the country (2019)international: country code - 98; landing points for Kuwait-Iran, GBICS & MENA, FALCON, OMRAN/3PEG Cable System, POI and UAE-Iran submarine fiber-optic cable to the Middle East, Africa and India; (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; satellite earth stations - 13 (9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat) (2019)note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments, state-run broadcast media with no private, independent broadcasters; Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the state-run TV broadcaster, operates 19 nationwide channels including a news channel, about 34 provincial channels, and several international channels; about 20 foreign Persian-language TV stations broadcasting on satellite TV are capable of being seen in Iran; satellite dishes are illegal and, while their use is subjectively tolerated, authorities confiscate satellite dishes from time to time; IRIB operates 16 nationwide radio networks, a number of provincial stations, and an external service; most major international broadcasters transmit to Iran (2019), total: 58,117,322percent of population: 70% (July 2018 est. Iran has changed 15% of its foreign exchange reserves into gold as the number is 1.7% for countries such as India and China (see also: U.S. sanctions against Iran.) With more than 1.7 million cases, as of mid-March 2021, and 61,000 deaths, it remains the worst affected country in the Middle East and North Africa region. It examines these economic developments and policies in a longer-term and global context, and assesses their implications. Thus, even if sanctions are lifted today, Iran’s economic situation would not change to people’s benefit. Contents: (1) Background of the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA): Key Provisions: ¿Triggers¿ and Available Sanctions; Waiver and Termination Authority; Iran Freedom Support Act Amendments; Effectiveness and Ongoing Challenges: Energy Routes and ... Roughly three-fourths of Iranians speak one of the Indo-European languages. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been estimated at US$628 billion for the Iranian calendar year 2020/21, calculated at the official exchange rate for a population of about 84 million. )(Estimates), information varies; approximately 550-600,000 total active personnel; approximately 400,000 Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (350,000 Ground Forces; 18,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force/Air Defense Forces); approximately 150-190,000 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (100-150,000 Ground Forces; 20,000 Navy; 15,000 Aerospace Force; 5-15,000 Qods Force); est. Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Topic: International relations, grade: 1,3, University of Applied Sciences Essen, language: English, abstract: This essay aims to specify the theoretical ... ), air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, particulate matter emissions: 35.09 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. U.S. Issues Iran-related Sanctions Over Drone Program Reuters – The United States has issued a fresh round of Iran-related sanctions tied to an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps drone program that it said threatened regional stability, the Treasury Department said on Friday. And the world’s biggest companies have already visited Tehran ready to strike a deal when sanctions end. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. )47.5% of GDP (2016 est. Iran Sanctions: New Act Underscores Importance of Comprehensive Assessment of Sanctions' Effectiveness Deteriorating economic conditions due primarily to government mismanagement and international sanctions prompted at least two major economically based protests in July and October 2012, but Iran's internal security situation remained stable. )note: official Iranian estimate, agriculture: 9.6% (2016 est. U.S. Sanctions on Russia: An Overview The United States maintains sanctions on Russia related to Russia’s 2014 invasion of Ukraine, malicious cyber activities and influence operations (including election interference), human rights abuses, use of a chemical weapon, weapons proliferation, illicit trade with … In the absence of a pick-up in oil revenues, the fiscal deficit is projected to remain high in the medium term. Discouragement in the labor market, reflected in lower economic participation—of 41.4% in Q4-2020—drove the unemployment rate down to 9.4%, despite employment levels falling by over 1 million YoY as a result of the pandemic. Iran’s crude oil production reached a 30-year low in 2020 as a result of these sanctions and the impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic. )3.8% of GDP (2019 est. As such, the country’s fiscal deficit is estimated to increase to over 6% of GDP and public debt to surpass 50% in 2020/21. )$1,027,240,000,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est. Pres. Obama shares the goals of the previous Admin. to contain Iran¿s strategic capabilities and regional influence, but he has formulated approaches that differ from those of its predecessor ¿ i.e. through expanded direct diplomatic ... He is a longtime senior member in the regime, but has made promises of reforming society and Iran's foreign policy. ), 39.5% of GDP (2017 est. ), forest revenues: 0.01% of GDP (2017 est. The Security Council can take action to maintain or restore international peace and security under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. It focuses on the procurement of lifesaving, essential medical equipment for the country’s COVID-19 response. 1) Iran opposes the idea of a step-by-step implementation mechanism of commitments, which was put forward by the US. )6.1% of GDP (2018 est. Among its priorities are the reform of state-owned enterprises and the financial and banking sectors, and the allocation and management of oil revenues. Economic recovery in Q3 and Q4-2020 was stronger than expected, both in the oil and non-oil sectors, with the non-oil sector’s rebound driven by manufacturing, as exchange rate depreciation made domestic production more competitive. ), China 48%, India 12%, South Korea 8%, Turkey 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019), crude petroleum, polymers, industrial alcohols, iron, pistachios (2019), $76.39 billion (2017 est. Faced with accusations of nuclear weapons pursuits in violation of its NPT commitments, Iran concluded a 2015 agreement, the JCPOA, to restrict its nuclear program. )12.5% (2016 est. Hopes of sanctions’ relief after the November US elections led the rial to regain about 15%. RUHANI will need to implement structural reforms that strengthen the banking sector and improve Iran’s business climate to attract foreign investment and encourage the growth of the private sector. )$16.28 billion (2016 est. ), 15% of total installed capacity (2017 est. The World Bank’s biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity report finds that the rate of extreme poverty in the MENA region rose from 3.8% in 2015 to 7.2% in 2018 — the latest year for which data is available. Indeed, economic sanctions are increasingly at the center of American foreign policy as a policy tool to resolve several issues: to stem the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, promote human rights, discourage aggression, protect ... )$8.196 billion (31 December 2016 est. We can do this. ), $12,400 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est. Since April 2020, the currency has lost half of its value because of US sanctions placed on accessing reserves abroad. Iran Sanctions Congressional Research Service 1 Overview Sanctions have been a significant component of U.S. Iran policy since Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran, a U.S. ally. ), municipal: 6.2 billion cubic meters (2017 est. Restrictive measures or 'sanctions' are an essential tool of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).They are used by the EU as part of an integrated and comprehensive policy approach, involving political dialogue, complementary efforts and the use of other instruments at its disposal. )exports of goods and services: 26% (2017 est. ), improved: urban: 98.9% of populationrural: 95.7% of populationtotal: 98.1% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.1% of population (2015 est. )services: 55% (2017 est. Its first issue (Spring 2016) covered the oil,   gas, and financial sectors; the second (Fall 2016) included  a special section on poverty and air pollution; the third (Spring 2017) covered pensions and water resource management; and the fourth (Fall 2017) focused on labor markets and employment. The sanctions can be either comprehensive or selective, using the blocking of assets and trade restrictions to accomplish foreign policy and national security goals. This volume contains a review of evidence to assess whether sanctions work, to assess what determines their success and to assess why their effectiveness has declined. ), degree of risk: intermediate (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrheavectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fevernote: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Iran; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 6 October 2021, Iran has reported a total of 5,651,961 cases of COVID-19 or 6,729.09 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 144.73 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 27 September 2021, 42.69% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine, definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 85.5%male: 90.4%female: 80.8% (2016), total: 15 yearsmale: 15 yearsfemale: 15 years (2017), total: 27.7%male: 24.4%female: 40% (2018 est.

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