1608 Ecology, 84(6), 2003, pp. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The pattern The increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics, often referred to as the latitudinal gradient in species diversity, is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. The relationship between climate and species richness varies considerably between clades, regions and time periods in a global-scale phylogenetically informed analysis of all terrestrial mammal species. Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, Five Volume Set presents a currency-based, global synthesis cataloguing the impact of humanity’s global ecological footprint. Of the many notable contributions by the Washington group, Eric Pianka’s 1966 article “Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity: A Review of Concepts” is emblematic of the creative energy at work during this era to address big problems in ecology and evolution. Latitudinal gradients in species richness are general across the current biota as well as across space and time (Willig et al. Here, we investigate how the aggregation of clades, as dictated by phylogeny, can give rise to significant climate–richness gradients without gradients in diversification or environmental carrying capacity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. This interdisciplinary book will appeal to researchers in mountain ecosystems, students and nature professionals. This book is open access under a CC BY license. See Page 1. The latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness across ecosystems and various functional groups has been a major research topic that has intrigued scientists since at least Darwin, 1859 and Wal-lace, 1878. Fossils, bridge species, and thermal ranges in the dynamics of the marine latitudinal diversity gradient, WHAT CAN MULTIPLE PHYLOGENIES SAY ABOUT THE LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY GRADIENT? 351 0 obj B. Kraft, Susan P. Harrison, Brian L. Anacker, Howard V. Cornell, Ellen I. Damschen, John-Avid Grytnes, Bradford A. Hawkins, Christy M. McCain, Patrick R. Stephens and John J. Wiens, Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. Latitudinal gradients in community change (latitudinal turnover gradients, aka LTGs) increase in strength through the Cenozoic, but also show a cyclical pattern that is significantly explained by MAP. c. There is a unimodel relationship between species diversity and latitude. 1 0 obj endobj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 231 0 R/Type/Page>> endobj The latitudinal diversity gradient describes the phenomenon in which the diversity of species inhabiting biomes is higher near the equator and lower near the poles. The results do not prove that the life-history traits associated with latitude contribute to high species richness in the tropics. Phegopteris 338 0 obj Faster speciation and reduced extinction in the tropics result in a higher net diversification rate. Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDG) and their explanatory factors are among the most challenging topics in macroecology and biogeography. <> Our findings indicate that the evolutionary history should be accounted for as part of any search for causal links between environment and species richness. 342 0 obj The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most widely studied patterns in ecology, yet no consensus has been reached about its underlying causes. 353 0 obj dog–bear clade). Many young clades show negative richness–temperature slopes (more species at cooler temperatures), with the ages of these clades coinciding with the expansion of temperate climate zones in the late Eocene. Found inside – Page 87An Introduction to the Animals, Plants, and Ecosystems of the New World Tropics John C. Kricher ... The reduction in diversity with increasing latitude is now termed a latitudinal diversity gradient ( Connell and Orias 1964 ; MacArthur ... The species-area relationship (SAR), describing the increase in species richness with increasing area, and the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), describing the decrease in species richness with increasing latitude, are the oldest and most robust patterns in biogeography, yet connections between them remain poorly understood. 1608–1623 q 2003 by the Ecological Society of America PRODUCTIVITY AND HISTORY AS PREDICTORS OF THE LATITUDINAL DIVERSITY GRADIENT OF TERRESTRIAL BIRDS BRADFORD A. HAWKINS,1,3 ERIC E. PORTER,1,4 AND JOSE´ALEXANDRE FELIZOLA DINIZ-FILHO2 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California … We compared LDGs for modeled ranges of 5,619 marine fish species, and distinguished between: all, pelagic, demersal, bony and cartilaginous fish groups; five taxonomic levels of class, order, family, genus and species; and four depth zones namely whole … Latitudinal gradients in species diversity are among the strongest and most general patterns in ecology [106,107]. The tropics have by far the highest species diversity on Earth. endobj <> Can stochastic geographical evolution re-create macroecological richness-environment correlations? dog—bear clade). 341 0 obj PB. Created by. Increases in diversity at low latitudes are also known for genera and higher taxa, therefore “latitudinal gradients in … Included in the publication was the Anniversary meeting and reports. The pattern of having lots of species at the equator with diversity dwindling off towards the poles is known as the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient — "latitudinal" meaning how far north or south of the equator, "diversity" meaning the number of species, and "gradient" meaning the transition between high and low. Studies of the latitudinal gradient in mammals have mainly focused on environmental correlates of species richness [1,31], and there is currently no consensus as to whether and how diversification rates vary with latitude in this group [2]. 31 0 obj H��WMo����W�X�HC��ƞ� f��Ŏ�=�%�%f)R ){��S��/k�������^U�����/�l����뇏?ˋm���)�O2KgO�a����]�Yfy�/}a�����.�j8n����g�e�=n�|ig�]��b3�[��c���/��c��*��Y�K�x�2_d0Q����kb�/����o�4Ͱ!�U���v{�a�2�=�r�����l�.M������Ϯ��Yr¦�[�$/����g}���D�%)VV\��˦z~��"k�����Dz���=\X`{��Z{�7t����@�v�KF����Av��^����|����c�pn���_�\`�����y���w�vň79� ��B�Y\^�)��Ξ���/� �8��vc�ί�����a�V������KYp(�ǧ |L�wmX����|�j��2FQ�K$%:]�,��%��W���Tkx. Taking stock of the current work in the field and advocating a research agenda for the decades ahead, Marine Macroecology draws together insights and approaches from a diverse group of scientists to show how marine ecology can benefit from ... 337 0 obj Over time, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this seemingly general eco-logical pattern in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. 440 0 obj Contrasting patterns of phylogenetic assemblage structure along the elevational gradient for major hummingbird clades, Determinants of Northerly Range Limits along the Himalayan Bird Diversity Gradient, Niche conservatism as an emerging principle in ecology and conservation biology, Phylogenetic comparative approaches for studying niche conservatism, Disentangling the Role of Climate, Topography and Vegetation in Species Richness Gradients, On the processes generating latitudinal richness gradients: identifying diagnostic patterns and predictions, Spatial Pattern of Species Richness among Terrestrial Mammals in China, Patterns of Species Richness and Turnover for the South American Rodent Fauna, Macroecological Evidence for Competitive Regional-Scale Interactions between the Two Major Clades of Mammal Carnivores (Feliformia and Caniformia), Where to go when all options are terrible: ranging behavior of brown-throated three-toed sloths ( The latitudinal gradient in biodiversity offers an excellent example. 334 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 229 0 R/Type/Page>> Climate is widely recognised as an important determinant of the latitudinal diversity gradient. application/pdf 356 0 obj The LDG is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. Main conclusions The latitudinal gradient in beta diversity of North American mammals corresponds to a macroclimatic gradient of decreasing mean annual temperature and increasing seasonality of temperature from south to north. <> endobj Hypotheses that attempt to explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity are reviewed. endobj cat clade), whereas widespread, temperate clades exhibit shallow, negative slopes (e.g. From left to right, global latitudinal diversity gradient of all mammals, and posterior distributions of speciation, extinction, net diversification, and dispersal rates corresponding to the temperate (in blue) and tropical biomes (in green). <> Introduction. <> 333 0 obj endobj 335 0 obj A test in fossil and modern bivalves, Latitudinal Gradients of Biodiversity: Theory and Empirical Patterns, Climatic and evolutionary factors shaping geographical gradients of species richness in Anolis lizards, Viral metacommunities associated to bats and rodents at different spatial 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studies, Alpha richness and niche breadth of a widespread group of aquatic insects in Nearctic and Neotropical streams, Contrasting evidence of phylogenetic trophic niche conservatism in mammals worldwide, Abundance and local-scale processes contribute to multi-phyla gradients in global marine diversity, Out of the dark: 350 million years of conservatism and evolution in diel activity patterns in vertebrates, Historical factors shaped species diversity and composition of Salix in eastern Asia, Understanding the Processes Underpinning Patterns of Phylogenetic Regionalization, The Eurasian hot nightlife: Environmental forces associated with nocturnality in lizards, Five palaeobiological laws needed to understand the evolution of the living biota, The geographic distribution of seed-dispersal mutualisms in North America, Global patterns of mammalian co-occurrence: phylogenetic and body size structure within species ranges, The origin of species richness patterns along environmental gradients: uniting explanations based on time, diversification rate and carrying capacity, Regional Diversity and Diversification in Mammals, Geographical diversification and the effect of model and data inadequacies: the bat diversity gradient as a case study, Latitudinal diversity gradients in Mesozoic non-marine turtles, Strong influence of palaeoclimate on the structure of modern African mammal communities, Spatial patterns of species richness and functional diversity in Costa Rican terrestrial mammals: implications for conservation, Species and functional diversity accumulate differently in mammals, Elevational diversity patterns as an example for evolutionary and ecological dynamics in ferns and lycophytes, Contrasting Phylogenetic and Diversity Patterns in Octodontoid Rodents and a New Definition of the Family Abrocomidae, Climate mediates the effects of disturbance on ant assemblage structure, Phylogenetic niche conservatism and the evolutionary basis of ecological speciation, Insect responses to host plant provision beyond natural boundaries: latitudinal and altitudinal variation in a Chinese fig wasp community, Phylogenetic patterns in the geographic distributions of birds support the tropical conservatism hypothesis, Niche divergence accelerates evolution in Asian endemic Procapra gazelles, Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity, The weakness of evidence supporting tropical niche conservatism as a main driver of current richness-temperature gradients, Tempo and mode of climatic niche evolution in Primates, Time-lagged responses of indicator taxa to temporal landscape changes in agricultural landscapes, Searching for constraints by cross-species comparison: reaction norms for age and size at maturity in insects, Phylogenetic niche conservatism – common pitfalls and ways forward, Evolution of climatic niche specialization: a phylogenetic analysis in amphibians, Evolutionary ecology of specialization: insights from 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