Question 1 Discuss latitudinal gradients and mechanistic hypothesis that govern the biological diversity and result in increases in species richness, abundance and diversity in insects. This abundantly illustrated book provides a fundamental introduction to the ecological zones of the geosphere. 0000001706 00000 n This book is a milestone in ecological theory and is certain to motivate future empirical and theoretical work in one of the most exciting and active domains of the life sciences. a positive latitudinal gradient in seed predation, but a negative latitudinal gradient in herbivory. x�b```f``�b`e`` a`@ �����4��0����UE}%-E׉���}.f%^%�)Q$4%u���i?���L�:��I��4���]�z}�n�Y�73wfȤ\ MY�l ���C�,#373X�����[RyHj��i�e����3Ws*�hFfn �u+���@q͌�e�9 0000008052 00000 n But it seems likely that some underlying environmental… 0000008882 00000 n 0000013128 00000 n Abstract: We examine Robert MacArthur's hypothesis that niche breadth is positively associated with latitude (the latitude-niche breadth hypothesis). 0000006663 00000 n Who are the experts? Expert Answer. They offer a new understanding of marine biodiversity that will be of general interest to ecologists and is crucial to responsible exploitation of natural resources at the deep-sea floor. Do the pattern and strength of species associations in ectoparasite communities conform to biogeographic rules? Is the notion that species interactions are stronger and more specialized in the tropics a zombie idea? In opposition to the latitudinal gradient hypothesis, both the diversity and prevalence of Leucocytozoon parasites decreased towards the equator. 553-560. , over its geographical range: linear or non-linear relationships? 98 37 Providing a comprehensive overview and discussing developments in the field, this book details various innovative methods used in microbial ecology and environmental microbiology. dc.contributor.author: Boyero, L. dc.contributor.author: Pearson, R.G. Additionally, many habitats with high species diversity do experience seasonal climates, including many tropical regions that have highly seasonal rainfall (Brown and Lomolino 1998). We review the theoretical arguments suggesting a positive relationship between niche breadth and latitude. Here, we use latitudinal distributions for over 12,500 woody angiosperm species, a fossil-calibrated supertree, and null modeling to test predictions . Another climate-related hypothesis is the climate harshness hypothesis, which states the latitudinal diversity gradient may exist simply because fewer species can physiologically tolerate conditions at higher latitudes than at low latitudes because higher latitudes are often colder and drier than tropical latitudes. 0000041061 00000 n NEW TO THIS EDITION: * New topics such as elemental defense by plants, chaotic models, molecular methods to measure disperson, food web relationships, and more * Expanded sections on plant defenses, insect learning, evolutionary tradeoffs, ... In Phylogenetic Ecology, Nathan G. Swenson synthesizes this nascent field’s major conceptual, methodological, and empirical developments to provide students and practicing ecologists with a foundational overview. Linking Life-History Traits, Ecology, and Niche Breadth Evolution in North American Eriogonoids (Polygonaceae). >�&'n�}U���D The 7-volume Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition maintains the reputation of the highly regarded original, presenting the most current information available in this globally crucial area of research and study. 7b). This volume captures the state-of-the-art in the study of insect-plant interactions, and marks the transformation of the field into evolutionary biology. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 18.2 Global patterns of species diversity and composition are influenced by geographic area and isolation, evolutionary history, and global climate. [Google Scholar] Rohde, K. Rapoport's rule is a local phenomenon and cannot explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity. 0000017014 00000 n Issues of scale have become increasingly important to ecologists. This book addresses the structure of regional (large-scale) ecological assemblages or communities, and the influence this has at a local (small-scale) level. 1996, 3, 10-13. Instead, the probability of a bird being infected with Leucocytozoon . The fundamental proposition is that tropical zones 134 0 obj<>stream The fellodistomid Proctoeces lintoni is a common parasite of the gonads of key-hole limpets Fissurella spp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.023, Specialization of Mutualistic Interaction Networks Decreases toward Tropical Latitudes, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.015, The latitudinal gradient in dispersal constraints: ecological specialisation drives diversification in tropical birds, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01806.x, Latitudinal mismatches between the components of mammal-flea interaction networks, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00714.x, Species-rich ecosystems are vulnerable to cascading extinctions in an increasingly variable world, The strength of plant–pollinator interactions, Global patterns of specialization and coexistence in bird assemblages, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02591.x, Niche Breadth and Overlap Measures of Sarcosaprophagous Flies Exploiting Human Settlements, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-011-0017-9, Disentangling the effect of genes, the environment and chance on sex ratio variation in a wild bird population, Geographical and ecological patterns of range size in North American trees, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06854.x, The comparative ecology and biogeography of parasites, Relative effects of time for speciation and tropical niche conservatism on the latitudinal diversity gradient of phyllostomid bats, Fungal colonization of exotic substrates in Antarctica, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0079-4, An inverse latitudinal gradient of diversity of peracarid crustaceans along the Pacific Coast of South America: out of the deep south, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00610.x, Expanding the ecological niche approach: Relationships between variability in niche position and species richness, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.12.001, Phylogenetic analysis of the latitude-niche breadth hypothesis in the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01238.x, Integrating ancient patterns and current dynamics of insect-plant interactions: Taxonomic and geographic variation in herbivore specialization, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01357.x, Tolerance adaptation and precipitation changes complicate latitudinal patterns of climate change impacts, Reproductive interactions mediated by flowering overlap in a temperate hummingbird-plant assemblage, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17762.x, Arthropod species richness in the Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) This work serves as a complement to more taxonomically driven works, providing for readers the long geologic and biogeographic contexts that undergird the abundance and diversity of Neotropical mammals. One hypothesis for the latitudinal diversity gradient is based on an assumption of stronger species interactions at lower latitudes. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118905982.ch16, Niche-tracking migrants and niche-switching residents: evolution of climatic niches in New World warblers (Parulidae), High proportion of smaller ranged hummingbird species coincides with ecological specialization across the Americas, Latitudinal gradient in niche breadth of brachyuran crabs, Functional traits reveal the expansion and packing of ecological niche space underlying an elevational diversity gradient in passerine birds, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800049-6.00113-X, Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in Species Diversity, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054102, Latitudinal gradients in biotic niche breadth vary across ecosystem types, Patterns of phenotypic trait variation in two temperate forest herbs along a broad climatic gradient, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0534-0, Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web, Digestive capacity predicts diet diversity in Neotropical frugivorous bats, A twofold role for global energy gradients in marine biodiversity trends, Dietary Plasticity in the Ryukyu Flying Fox on a Subtropical Island at the Northern Range Limit of Rutilus rutilus trailer Soil pH increased by 16.5% along the latitudinal gradient (F 1, 29 = 12.96, P = 0.0012, f 2 = 0.463) but the rate of increase did not differ between soil types (rhizosphere of A. sessilis vs . The average person can name more bird species than they think, but do we really know what a bird “species” is? This open access book takes up several fascinating aspects of bird life to elucidate this basic concept in biology. text of latitudinal gradients, this hypothesis would consider peak biodiversity in the tropics to be a consequence of the bounded nature of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Fissurella crassa, a host for progenetic P. lintoni, can be found from Huarmey, Peni (10 degrees S) to Chiloé, Chile (42 degrees S). One of the most widely recognized ecological patters on Earth, which is found at most scales and in most biological taxa, is the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) -- there are more species in the tropics than in the temperate regions, and the further away you move from the tropics, the fewer species you encounter. I re-analyze a previously published latitudinal gradient dataset and show that species number is a linear function of the predicted area and that species number is more fully explained by predicted area than by a quadratic function of latitude. One hypothesis to explain the latitudinal gradient in species diversity is the geographic area hypothesis. This book presents a timely collection of pioneering work in the study of these diverse and fascinating ecosystems. It consists of facsimiles of papers chosen by world experts in tropical biology as the 'classics' in the field. Diversity of wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata: Vespidae) along an altitudinal gradient of Atlantic Forest in Itatiaia National Park, Brazil. 0000003908 00000 n The "Age of the Tropics" hypothesis argues that the tropics have more species because young, ecologically dominant, tropical clades have not had sufficient time to disperse and adapt to colder climates . <<44D86A025AA7D246A27B96146B05C44E>]>> Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause Klaus Rohde Rohde, K. 1992. Their joint impact on plant‐feeding insects does not explain the poleward decrease in birch herbivory.</p> The time theory: Ecology and evolution 2. However, there are also many known cases of increasing poleward diversity, forming inverse latitudinal biodiversity gradients. We also use available evidence to evaluate the assumptions and predictions of MacArthur’s latitude–niche breadth hypothesis. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. 0000004595 00000 n Introduction Understanding the causes and consequences of variation in biodiversity has long been a central . Pianka's (1966) six hypotheses and Fine's (2015) five hypotheses for the latitudinal diversity gradient. 0000010902 00000 n Pteropus, https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2015.17.1.009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050031, Latitudinal gradients in abundance, and the causes of rarity in the tropics: a test using Australian honeyeaters (Aves: Meliphagidae), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0456-6, Species traits and the form of individual species–energy relationships, Latitudinal gradients in niche breadth and position—regional patterns in freshwater fish, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-006-0093-2, Determinants of local abundance in a major radiation of Australian passerines (Aves: Meliphagoidea), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01432.x, Niche breadth, competitive strength and range size of tree species: a trade-off based framework to understand species distribution, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00864.x, Dissecting the species–energy relationship. L. subgenus 25, No. The role of spatial and temporal climatic variation in three vertebrate clades, Niche breadth and range area in North American trees, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07340.x, Niche breadth, environmental landscape, and physical barriers: their importance as determinants of species distributions, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02018.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00777.x.

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