Nowadays, American brands make up 11% of total production in China. Overall, these factors can have a deep impact on which cars and SUVs customers like in a given market. Found inside – Page 11remained around 15 million units per year for the past several years , with increases in truck sales Transition and recession , 1987-91 offsetting declines in ... The declining sales of passenger cars are due to several factors . The service attitude of the driver was found to be significantly related to passengers’ satisfaction. In Found inside – Page 137The findings of this paper are as follows: (1) The suggested passenger car unit (PCU) of e-rickshaw on urban roads as per this study is 0.795. ... Chandra et al (2000) Factors affecting PCU in mixed traffic situations on urban roads. PV retail sales drop 11% in Oct; year-end business to pick up if supply meets demand: FADA34 mins ago, It’s desis vs MNCs on EV duty cut1 day ago. In the past 20 years, the carbon dioxide emissions of different transport modes of road traffic have shown a noticeable growth trend (Gül et al., 2020).Among them, passenger cars and trucks have the most significant increase, as shown in Fig. Estimation results of the OL model and OP model. 2020, Article ID 8872115, 11 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8872115, 1School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China, 2School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China. By the end of 2018, there were 24 bus routes and 377 bus stops in Weinan [32]. The OR was calculated for variables of interest in the ordered logit regressions. The better the land use planning is, for example, if it is designed in a compact manner, that all the amenities are in easy distances, then, research shows that, there is a greater possibility of using more sustainable forms of transport such as walking or cycling. BP expects the global vehicle fleet, which includes commercial vehicles and passenger cars, to more than double to 2.3 billion units by 2035 from just around 1.1 billion units … Bus ticket price, perceived waiting time, bus stop setting, intelligent travel information service, transferring convenience, and bus route setting were categorized as exciting factors. Besides, the hygienic environment inside the bus and service attitude of the driver were categorized as important performance factors that need to keep up the good work. Airports are engaged in a commercial relationship with both airlines and passengers. Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) or Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is used in highway capacity analysis to convert a mixed vehicle flow into an equivalent passenger car flow. Car safety features When there is a car crash, the car, its contents and the passengers decelerate rapidly. The hygienic environment inside the bus was found to be a significantly positive association with passengers’ satisfaction. [17] also explored the relationship between customers’ satisfaction and perceived accessibility of the Subway in Seville, Spain, using SEM models. • The Davis Equation has been substantially updated to reflect who use the streets and highways. Type of Vehicle. Volumes for single-unit trucks, however, has followed an opposite pattern. ?Kn[à�~ M�M��r�>�'�� ~�o$�&�~�0��p�UX~Ҫ��a 8�!���捬�c��B�TO��"�r�/��|�hDZ�V��6A߉��L���MӖ�W����-��Ŋ�� �_��1,�k���$ The method of accounting for traffic analysis in traffic stream is to convert all vehicles into a common unit known as passenger car unit (PCU). Among them, the ticket price, perceived waiting time, bus stop setting, intelligent travel information service, transferring convenience, and bus route setting were identified as exciting factors. III FACTORS AFFECTING PCU VALUE Factors identified affecting PCU value includes pavement width, shoulder condition, percentage of direction split in two way traffic, percentage of … Therefore, the construction of bus dedicated lanes that are conducive to improving the reliability of bus transit and reducing waiting time is an efficient measure to improve passengers’ satisfaction. The finding is supported by previous studies that the “personnel attitude” or “driver’s manner” was positively associated with passengers’ satisfaction with public transport [2]. The global drive by wire market size was USD 4.99 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 4.27 billion by 2027, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.0% during the forecast period. This result is intuitive that the good service attitude of the driver can make passengers feel more warm and comfortable, resulting in higher satisfaction of passengers. Social - personal mobility, changing needs and expectations. Distribution Statement ... One of the important factors affecting … The BMW Group is increasing the pace of its efforts to combat climate change. Improving strategies based on the model results were also discussed using the three-factor theory. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. This result is straightforward that improving transfer efficiency can promote the passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit. CAR CLASSES Two-Seater -Cars designed to seat primarily two adults (page 12). Found inside – Page 61On the basis of current trends in key variables of income , energy prices , interest rates and other relevant factors , the Department of Commerce estimates 1985 world passenger car and truck demand at about 32.7 million units and 12.0 ... Introduction Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (VW) is a car manufacturer and vendor that operates in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and both Americas. [1], three factors including basic factors, performance factors, and exciting factors can be identified using the three-factor theory of IPA. Lane width; Width of shoulder; Lateral clearance; Commercial vehicles; Road alignment and geometry (curves, Super elevation etc) Existence of intersections. Weinan Bus Company & Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology. The environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom are increasing due to the increasing demand for air travel in the country. The ORs were used to quantitatively measure the effect of significant factors on passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit. This result is intuitive because improving the service quality of the stop setting can effectively shorten the walking distance of passengers, which can promote passenger satisfaction toward bus transit. Found inside – Page 39The unit operating costs were obtained only for passenger cars . The use of passenger car ... Factors affecting the cost of operation are not fully representative of the operational characteristics of modern vehicles . Unit prices which ... In commercial vehicles, sales of goods carriers were down 0.89 percent at 3,34,371 units. As more units are made, the recurring cost per unit decreases. 23.71 lakh Hyundai Kona in its fleet, New battery technologies that could power future, South-East Asian countries are leading contenders in China plus strategy against India. Access to Joint Research Centre's publications. 4. and N. 2. The OR technique was used to quantitatively measure the effect of the significant variables. The majority of respondents spend less than 60 minutes a day by bus transit, and only a few respondents spend more than 60 minutes. They experience great forces because of the change in momentum which can cause injuries. Work Unit no. Generally, passengers evaluated a specific aspect of bus transit services such as service frequency, reliability, travel time, comfort, and riding stability [17–20, 25–29]. The software STATA 15.0 was used as the modeling platform for model estimation. S. Washington, M. Karlaftis, and F. Mannering, M. Rezapour, M. Moomen, and K. Ksaibati, “Ordered logistic models of influencing factors on crash injury severity of single and multiple-vehicle downgrade crashes: a case study in Wyoming,”, S. Hassen, “The effect of farmyard manure on the continued and discontinued use of inorganic fertilizer in Ethiopia: an ordered probit analysis,”, Y. Guo, Z. Li, Y. Wu, and C. Xu, “Exploring unobserved heterogeneity in bicyclists’ red-light running behaviors at different crossing facilities,”, Y. Guo, Z. Li, Y. Wu, and C. Xu, “Evaluating factors affecting electric bike users’ registration of license plate in China using Bayesian approach,”, X. Li, J. Tang, X. Hu, and W. Wang, “Assessing intercity multimodal choice behavior in a touristy city: a factor analysis,”, X. Li, W. Wang, C. Xu, Z. Li, and B. Wang, “Multi-objective optimization of urban bus network using cumulative prospect theory,”, D. H. Vu, K. M. Muttaqi, and A. P. Agalgaonkar, “A variance inflation factor and backward elimination based robust regression model for forecasting monthly electricity demand using climatic variables,”, A. Mouwen, “Drivers of customer satisfaction with public transport services,”. The factors that significantly affect passengers’ satisfaction were bus stop setting, ticket price, intelligent travel information service, hygienic environment inside the bus, service attitude of the driver, transferring convenience, perceived waiting time, and bus route setting. Introduction Over the past few decades passenger transport has grown rapidly and it … With the expansion of the urban scale and the rapid increase in traffic demand, traffic congestion has been a serious issue in China. Sixty junior students from the Transportation Engineering Department of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology were hired to conduct the interviews. Overloaded vehicles, unsafe car modifications, no occupant safety equipment and having unfixed seats were vehicular risks. Keywords: passenger transport, driving factors, transport policy 1. Two-wheeler sales stood at 995,097 units, while passenger vehicle sales stood at 261,633 units in April 2021. According to the OR result, the odds of an additional level of passengers’ satisfaction would increase by 31.71% for each additional level of the service attitude of the driver. Accurately identifying the exciting factors affecting passengers’ bus satisfaction is the foundation for the local governments to put limited funds into the urgent fields of public transit infrastructure construction. Furthermore, the Spanish and Italian passenger car markets Found inside – Page 10One is to use equivalency factors ( e.g. , convert freight volumes into equivalent truck loads , then into passenger car units , and finally into person movement ) . Equivalent capacities for person and goods movement can apply only up ... Determination of Passenger-Car Units on Two-Lane Intercity Highways under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. As stated by Mouwen [41], the “vehicle tidiness” is positively associated with passengers’ satisfaction with public transport. Demand for passenger cars expected to rebound in 2021. Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment of Adjacent Track Accidents on Shared Used-Rail Corridor. Research has shown that the most significant factor affecting the measured N values is the amount of energy delivered to the drill rods. An in-depth understanding of the human factors that influence risky driving could be of particular importance to facilitate the application of effective countermeasures. The investigators first explained the purpose of the survey to the respondents and then invited them to participate in the survey. Except Economic factor all others such as technical, performance, safety, convenience, beauty, environment and social aspects had shown statistically a significant relationship (95%) with their purchase decision of a passenger car. Answer (1 of 2): There are many factors that influences the demand of motor vehicles in an economy . Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of 2020, as selected by our Chief Editors. Found inside – Page 87Subsequently there has been a sharp increase in the number of trucks in use as additional units to meet the demands of a full employment ... an analysis of truck mortality similar to the mortality tables prepared for passenger cars . Copyright © 2020 Xiaowei Li et al. The questionnaire in the survey consists of four parts. B. Ingvardson and O. 60% of the respondents are between the ages of 16 and 45. Starting in mid-summer 2021, volumes for passenger vehicles declined somewhat and fell below pre-pandemic levels. Factors such as growing demand for low emission commuting and governments supporting long range, zero emission vehicles through subsidies & tax rebates have compelled the manufacturers to provide electric vehicles around the world. According to the result of the three-factor analysis, it is recommended that the exciting factors should be given priority and the important performance factors should be defined as a second priority to improve the passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit as well as enhance the service quality of bus transit. The OL model and OP model were developed to explore the significant factors of passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit. The smaller the AIC and BIC, the higher the goodness of fitting. 2) Dynamic characteristics of … They found that although service quality was perceived differently in different populations, the most critical factors were regularity and punctuality. Sales of passenger cars touched 1.2 million units in 2006 and 3 million units in 2016–2017 to maintain the second largest market share in the industry. Costs reported in 2007 USD US Consumer Expenditure Survey 2004 Reports actual expenditures of the actual vehicle fleet, not just newer vehicles. 2017. The age, daily average waiting time, perceived waiting time, transferring convenience, the attitude of the driver, intelligent travel information service, hygienic environment inside the bus, ticket price, bus route setting, and bus stop setting significantly affect the passengers’ satisfaction. The performance of automotive industry cannot be seen in isolation without taking into account factors like raw material cost, rates and of course, the policies. The respondent’ travel activity attributes are shown in Table 2. Therefore, the estimation results of the OL model were selected for analysis. w7�y�C�R��� ��;��Ѐ5I��`��d&L��������rF��i�gh�66� < U37�Ǡ�v�W��i��S�s^�T,E����B��O�N��h#.��ًy� ��PuAm�a���q|6��1&E�C���#x��&f�wI�S �f?�s�a�I*!�%�3���F�Z~E��xj! stream Exhibit 2: India Vehicle Shipments 1 (in Million Units) 2018 Passenger Miles per Unlinked Passenger Trip (Average Trip Length) 14 Exhibit 12. Exhibit 1: Key Factors Affecting the Market . (TRAIS) 11. Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a relative weightage factor given to the traffic volume of individual vehicle category to deal with the heterogeneity in a mixed traffic situation. When People travel both internationally and domestically they want to do it with ease and comfort. Certain features of a car — from its branding to even its shape — can be protected by copyright, trademark, or patent laws. What is more, differences in passengers’ satisfaction and its influencing factors have been explored for different groups. Lin, M.R. Found inside – Page 1123.0 P.C.U. significant effects on traffic flows at intersections of the turning movements performed by different types of vehicles . Factors affecting the rating of a vehicle in P.C.U. include ( a ) location of road ; rural or urban ... In the present study, an attempt is made to study the effect of the carriageway width … Thus, the transportation engineer should deal with a … The transit passengers were classified into six groups and it has been found that the punctuality and security inside the vehicles were the most critical attributes of the perceived service quality [31]. The intelligent travel information service can provide passengers with much useful information such as bus location, travel schedule, and transfer information. 3) The individual attributes are shown in Table 1. [19] showed that the service quality of bus transit can be enhanced by improving the waiting time, travel comfort, information sources, and departure frequency. In the past 25 years [when?] The OR of an explanatory variable represents the increase in the odds of the outcome if the value of the variable increases by one unit [33, 36–39]. Follow @ETAuto for the latest news, insider access to events and more. For example, De Ona et al. As shown in Figure 3, 58.48% of the passengers are satisfied with the overall service of the bus transit, and 19.18% of the passengers are very satisfied. 1,397 effective samples were obtained and used for the analysis. ��qىn����d � �}�t�����m ����~�|o��]Y�`I ӯxg��z�#KC��o����9��?���2��mƶ� Two wheelers and passenger cars accounted for 80.8% and 12.9% market share, respectively, accounting for a combined sale of over 20.1 million vehicles in FY20. [288 Pages Report] The Global Electric Vehicle Market size is projected to grow from 4,093 thousand units in 2021 to 34,756 thousand units by 2030, at a CAGR of 26.8%. Nearly half of the respondents take bus transit twice a day, while few respondents take bus transit three or more times a day. The odds ratios (ORs) were used to quantitatively measure the effect of significant variables on passengers’ satisfaction. This result is reasonable that the high reliability of the bus makes passengers more satisfied with the bus waiting time, which leads to a higher satisfaction level of passengers by bus transit. Almost half of the respondents own cars, although the monthly income of 73.94% of respondents is below 4,000 Yuan. In: Proceedings of the 97th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., USA. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were used to compare the goodness-of-fit of the models [33]. The ordered logit (OL) model and ordered Probit (OP) model were developed to investigate the factors including passengers’ attributes, travel activities attributes, and perceived service attributes and may have more applications to other research fields, too [21–24]. The estimation results of the OL and OP models are given in Table 5. Table 2.5 U.S Default Factors for Calculating CH. [12] that the “information at the stop” or “information personnel” is positively associated with passengers’ satisfaction with public transport. Respondents’ travel activity attributes. 2018 Passenger Miles per Vehicle Mile (Average Number of Passengers per Vehicle) Lane width – A width of 3.65 m is considered ideal for smooth flow. Cats, “The underlying effect of public transport reliability on users’ satisfaction,”, R. F. Abenoza, O. The revealed preference (RP) survey was conducted to collect passengers’ data in Weinan city, China. Transferring convenience has a significantly positive influence on passengers’ satisfaction. Collinearity results of independent variables. Cats, and Y. O. Susilo, “Travel satisfaction with public transport: determinants, user classes, regional disparities and their evolution,”, J. Allen, L. Eboli, G. Mazzulla, and J. D. Ortúzar, “Effect of critical incidents on public transport satisfaction and loyalty: an ordinal probit SEM-MIMIC approach,”, F. Alemi, G. Circella, P. Mokhtarian, and S. Handy, “What drives the use of ridehailing in California? the UK air transport industry has seen sustained growth, and the demand for passenger air travel in particular is forecast to increase more than twofold, to 465 million passengers, by 2030. Electric Cars Investigation into consumer attitudes in the UK car industry ... order to power an array of electronic driver and passenger comforts such as satellite navigation. Future studies should expand the current RP survey to non-bus users, and more potential factors of passenger’s satisfaction could be explored. § Passenger cars. over as compared to vehicles that did not roll over for all vehicle body types: passenger cars, pickups, SUVs, and vans. The finding is consistent with the results of previous studies [2] that “transferring is easy” is positively associated with passengers’ satisfaction with public transport. The multicollinearity test was conducted before modeling and the variance inflation factor (VIF) of each independent variable is less than 5 (see Table 4), indicating that there is no serious multicollinearity between the independent variables [40]. PCU. The ordered logit (OL) model and ordered Probit (OP) model were employed to explore the significant factors associated with passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit. Although some studies reported that bus ticket price has no impact on passengers’ satisfaction [2, 12], this study indicates that price had a significant effect on passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit. Get ETAuto's top stories every morning in your email inbox. Found inside – Page 36Characteristics. and. Factors. Affecting. Demand. Consumers of motor vehicles are individuals, businesses, and governments. Sales of passenger vehicles to individual consumers and businesses account for most sales and are roughly equal. Moreover, punctuality, travel speed, and departure frequency also affected the service quality of bust transit [31]. The intelligent travel information service has a significantly positive influence on passengers’ satisfaction. The BIC is given aswhere N represents the number of samples. Exciting factors refer to these attributes which have significant impacts when they perform well or increase passengers’ satisfaction if they are well delivered. three crash-involved vehicles had to be a light passenger vehicle that was towed due to damage. Found inside – Page 165[ 13 ] G. Tiwari , J. Fazio , and S. Pavithravas , “ Passenger Car Units for Heterogeneous Traffic using a Modified Density ... ( 10 ) S. Chandra , and P.K. Sikdar , “ Factors Affecting PCU in Mixed Traffic Situations on Urban Roads ” ... The odds ratio (OR) was applied to quantitatively measure the effects of the significant factors. The variable of waiting time is service quality perception attributes. Also, the optimization of bus routes and stop setting, building bus information systems, and providing travel information service could improve the service quality of bus transit and promote passengers’ satisfaction. To evaluate the service quality of bus transit, the Ministry of Transport of China proposed the “Index System Assessing Service Quality for Creating Transit Metropolis (ISASCTM)” in 2013 [3]. This book offers a collection of guidelines that will be particularly useful to those making decisions concerning roundabouts as safe and modern solutions in transport networks and systems. [31] applied the ordered Probit model to explore the satisfaction of transit passengers on the auxiliary transportation system in Bandung, Indonesia. An important reason for the low passenger volume and the low sharing rate of bus transit is the low service quality of this traffic mode in small-medium cities [1, 2]. [7] Health and safety legislation affects travel in terms passenger comfort and working conditions of aviation staff. Factors affecting customer satisfaction is of worth importance in order to know the reasons or the factors which are responsible to create satisfaction among customers for a particular brand. Factors Affecting Highway Capacity. According to the OR result, the odds of an additional level of passengers’ satisfaction would increase by 22.41% for each additional level of bus route setting. Compact -Between 100 to 110 cubic feet of passenger and luggage volume (pages 16-1 7). It is recommended that optimization of bus route and bus stop setting, building bus dedicated lanes, optimizing dynamic charging system, and providing intelligent travel information service could be effective strategies to improve passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit in Chinese small-medium cities. We have updated our terms and conditions and privacy policy Found inside – Page 74The SAS analysis of variance procedure ( i.e. , GLM ) was used to identify factors affecting side friction demand . ... it was found that truck friction is about 0.028 g's ( units of side friction ) less than that of a passenger car . Looking ahead to the introduction of the Neue Klasse, the company is further strengthening its self-defined objectives, announced in summer last year, to significantly reduce CO2 emissions, whilst also committing itself to a clear course that supports the 1.5 degree target for the limitation of global warming. on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991) in order to explain passenger behavioral intentions. Found inside17.1.4.6 Geometric Aspects 17.2 Highway Geometric Design 17.2.1 Factors Influencing the Geometric Designs ... Capacity 17.2.1.5 Environmental and Other Factors 17.2.2 Passenger Car Unit 17.2.2.1 Components Influencing PCU Values 17.2.3 ... Moreover, the comparison of passengers’ satisfaction toward bus transit should be conducted between larger cities and small-medium cities to reveal the different influencing factors. The total length of the bus routes is 187.6 km, and the average length per line is 15.7 km [32]. Found inside – Page 87Subsequently there has been a sharp increase in the number of trucks in use as additional units to meet the demands of a full employment ... an analysis of truck mortality similar to the mortality tables prepared for passenger cars . It presents average emis- sion rates for passenger cars, light-duty trucks, (e.g., pickup trucks, sport-utility vehicles), heavy-duty trucks (semi tractor-trailers), and motorcycles when they are idling. An in-depth understanding of the human factors that influence risky driving could be of particular importance to facilitate the application of effective countermeasures. This result can be explained that improving the pricing system such as variable fare can improve the passengers’ satisfaction. The probability that a passenger’s satisfaction belongs to either of the five levels is defined aswhere  = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; is the standard logistic cumulative distribution function and represent the upper and lower thresholds for outcome . Although a large number of studies have explored the influencing factors of bus satisfaction, these studies mainly focus on the cities in developed countries [10–19] or large cities in developed regions of China [20]. [8] identified the most important determinants of satisfaction with bus transit services and investigated the change of the importance of attributes over time among the different passenger groups including inactive travelers, long-distance commuters, urban motorist commuters, rural motorist commuters, and students. Data including individual attributes, travel activity attributes, and perceived service attributes were collected in the city of Weinan, China. Ten indicators of service quality of bus transit were selected from ISASCTM, including waiting time, riding comfort, bus route setting, bus stop setting, and so on [3]. The finding is straightforward because improving route settings of the bus network can reduce the non-linear coefficient of the bus line and improve passenger efficiency, which is helpful to raise passengers’ satisfaction.

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