(Table 5, Fig. Collector-gatherers and predators where present in every lagoon, although with varying representativeness. Willig and Lyons (1998) came close to an analytic geometry approach, but considered the earth to be a Here, we evaluated green algae biodiversity, focusing on Chlorophyta, in selected elevational gradients in the French Alps from 1,250 to 3,000 m high, from forests at lowest levels, to a variety of other habitats such as heathlands, grasslands and rocky areas at high elevations . Biodiversity and metacommunity structure of animals along altitudinal gradients in tropical montane forests Michael R. Willig1 and Steven J. Presley Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Universityof Connecticut, 3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4210, USA https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/2e25347a2467d80a19bc87857a092b6a. According to the review by Colwell and Lees (2000), there have only been two analytic models of latitudinal gradients for species richness. The altitude-richness relationship is influenced by a number of factors including taxonomy 5). 2011). This study assessed freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity associated with lakes and ponds along the altitudinal gradient of a Magellanic sub-Antarctic watershed. Pairwise comparisons detected differences between all elevations and habitats, with the exception between submerged vegetation and two other habitats (pairwise comparison, rock bottoms P = 0.1376, aquatic mosses P = 0.0852, Table S6). This interdisciplinary book will appeal to researchers in mountain ecosystems, students and nature professionals. This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book offers a timely overview and synthesis of biogeographic patterns of plants and fungi and their mycorrhizal associations across geographic scales. Based on large scale information of plant species, climatic and geographical factors, we . Hence, surveys on freshwater fish composition along the altitudinal gradients of the Baleh River Basin in Sarawak, Borneo were conducted from April 2014 to August 2015. The spatial patterns of biodiversity and their underlying mechanisms have been an active area of research for a long time. In particular, latitudinal and elevational gradients can be considered analogues in terms of associated environmental clines and ecological features (Bozinovic, Calosi & Spicer, 2011; Rahbek, 1995). In this context, faunal (and floral) research along elevational gradients is of critical importance in the study of global biodiversity drivers (McCain & Grytnes, 2010). In Data Mining for Global Trends in Mountain Biodiversity, Christian Korner, Eva M. Spehn, and a team of experts from the Global Mountain Biodi RESEARCH PAPER Community assembly processes shape an altitudinal gradient of forest biodiversity Akira S Mori1*, Takayuki Shiono1, Dai Koide1, Ryo Kitagawa1, Aino T Ota1 and Eri Mizumachi2 1Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National Altitudinal gradients in Magellanic sub-Antarctic lagoons: the effect of elevation on freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and distribution. Supplementary table 2. 1999, Brown 2001, Lomolino 2001). Sites at lower elevations showed the highest absolute richness, S = 18 at 20 m and S = 17 at 250 m a.s.l., while in sites at the higher elevations we recorded fewer taxa, S = 11 at 480 m and S = 6 at 700 m a.s.l. A total of 81 woody species, including 33 trees (28 genera and 22 families) and 48 shrub species (39 genera and 24 families) were reported. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity are biogeographic patterns that quantify the ways in which taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional, genetic, or phenetic biodiversity change with latitudinal position on the surface of the earth (Fig. Background: The study of altitudinal gradients provides insights about species diversity, distribution patterns and related drivers. Significant differences were also detected in macroinvertebrate mean abundance along the elevation gradient (Fig. factor; altitudinal gradient Introduction Mountains are special ecological systems that are rich in biodiversity resources. According to the review by Colwell and Lees (2000), there have only been two analytic models of latitudinal gradients for species richness. Sub-Antarctic freshwater macroinvertebrate community composition. Here, we ana-lyzed the shrub leaf C, N and P patterns in 125 mountain-ous sites over an extensive altitudinal gradient (523-4685m) on the Tibetan Plateau. Functional feeding groups (FFG) comprised six main categories: collector-filterers, collector-gatherers, collector-predators, herbivores (grazers, shredders and/or piercers), predators, and scrapers. Besides having an understudied freshwater biodiversity, climatic conditions in this ecoregion support a highly endemic but relatively low diversity macroinvertebrate fauna and, at the same time, the region includes the southern latitudinal limit for several insect orders. Mountains provide an interesting context in which to study the many facets of biodiversity in response to macroclimate, since environmental conditions change rapidly due to elevation. The latter is known as the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion (Rozzi et al., 2006). Embedded within the ecoregion is the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR; Fig. Altitudinal gradient is well known to be one of the decisive factors shaping the spatial patterns of species diversity (Szaro 1989, DeBano and Schmidt 1990, Lieberman et al. The Biodiversity Heritage Library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community. 2006; Marques et al. Thus, the study is expected to provide information to understand the current status, ecology as well as conservational efforts required for this protected area. Presence of green algae was monitored at different depths in the . Different color lines indicate a different lagoon. Found inside – Page 21In the context of Mediterranean climate, the impact of altitudinal gradients on biodiversity is particularly pronounced. This can be seen at species level: e.g. altitudinal distribution of pine species in Spain from P. These patterns differ depending on the taxa and altitudinal gradients in different mountain regions (Rahbek, 1995). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 277: 2131-2138. Analyses of macroinvertebrate composition. This book provides a comprehensive text describing and explaining mountain weather and climate processes. Abstract The latitudinal gradient of decreasing richness from tropical to extratropical areas is ecology's longest recognized pattern. Each sample consisted of 1 min of net sweeping (standard sampling), and a complementary collection to obtain a comparable and representative sample of each habitat (Table 2). Found inside – Page 325PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity is not uniform throughout the world, but varies with latitude and altitude. ... (a) Latitudinal and Altitudinal Gradients: Except arid/semi-arid and aquatic habitat, biodiversity shows latitudinal ... Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forests, 135-148. All PERMANOVA analyses were performed using FORTRAN software (Anderson, 2005). Homegarden-dry field is one of land management form that maintains biodiversity while at the same time synergize the production and conservation. Peter Convey, James Kennedy and Ricardo Rozzi contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. . Background The study of altitudinal gradients provides insights about species diversity, distribution patterns and related drivers. Post-hoc comparisons of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups. Changes in market conditions pose a threat for monoculturalism on homegarden and dry field. With more than 18,000 plant species, the Himalayan region has been known as one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world (Myers et al., 2000). Materials and method 2.1. Melisa Gañán contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. to 99.7% at 700 m a.s.l. Found inside – Page 32Here we count the Latitudinal gradients number of species using only their presence Overall species richness richness ... Such true of the African continent . analyses have indicated that biodiversity is not Altitudinal gradients evenly ... As expected, water temperature showed a marked decrease associated with increasing elevation, while snow and ice cover had longer duration at higher elevations. Elevational diversity gradient (EDG) is an ecological pattern where biodiversity changes with elevation.The EDG states that species richness tends to increase as elevation increases, up to a certain point, creating a "diversity bulge" at middle elevations. Similarity Percentages (SIMPER) analysis of freshwater macroinvertebrate community composition that contribute approximately 90% of the abundance of the assemblage from sampling sites of the Róbalo river watershed, Navarino Island, Chile. Integrating ecology and environmental ethics: earth stewardship in the southern end of the Americas, Ten principles for biocultural conservation at the southern tip of the Americas: the approach of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park, Temporal and altitudinal variations in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in an Andean river basin of Argentina, Climate variavility predicts thermal limits of aquatic insects across elevation and latitude, Leech collections from Chile including two new species of Helobdella (Annelida: Hirudinida), A synopsis of the Neotropical species of Aeshna Fabricius: the genus Rhionaeschna Förster (Odonata: Aeshnidae), Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity, Cloudwater inputs of nitrogen to forest ecosystems in southern Chile: forms, fluxes, and sources, Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, PeerJ (Life, Biological, Environmental and Health Sciences), PeerJ - General bio (stats, legal, policy, edu), South located inflow, outflow at North-East, Mixed deciduous and evergreen forests and scrublands, South-East located inflow, outflow at West, 200 ml flask full of litter, or rinse and dislodge organisms from roots, branches and logs. Article Google Scholar Nekola JC, White PS (1999) The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. They have always attracted the attention of researchers, because of the sensitivity to global climate change [1]. Within each lagoon, four different habitat types were identified based on substrate composition, and the presence/absence and type of vegetation (vascular or non-vascular): (i) rock bottoms (gravels from 1 to 10 cm), (ii) submerged vegetation (aquatic or submerged vascular plants), (iii) debris (leaf litter, roots, or logs), and (iv) aquatic mosses (completely or partially submerged). The harsh environmental conditions of this ecoregion increase freshwater macroinvertebrate development time, as well as decreasing habitat availability and food supply, supporting simple but well adapted communities. "Following" is like subscribing to any updates related to a publication. Altitudinal zonation of tree communities along climate and soil gradients in the East African biodiversity hotspot Alfred Kahanju Chitiki * Department of Ecosystems and Conservation, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism, Sokoine University, Tanzania Malaise traps were used to capture insects and Diptera were selected for this study. Species richness markedly declined with increase in altitude (r = - 0.96, P = 0.009, Table 9). Altitudinal Biodiversity Gradient and Ecological Drivers for Di erent Lifeforms in the Baotianman Nature Reserve of the Eastern Qinling Mountains Chao Zhao 1,2, Jing Wang 1,2, Fuqin Yu 1,2, Xinghang Zhang 1,2, Yonghui Yao 1 and Baiping Zhang 1,* 1 State Key Lab for Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Supplementary table 8. Mori AS, Shiono T, Koide D, Kitagawa R, Ota AT, Mizumachi E (2013) Community assembly processes shape an altitudinal gradient of forest biodiversity. Analyses of diversity metrics. By: Geise,L. This work tackles missing knowledge gaps on soil protists and common misconceptions using multi-methodological approaches including cultivation, microcosm experiments and environmental sequencing. Standard and complementary sampling for each microhabitat in each lagoon at Róbalo river watershed, Navarino Island, Chile. The Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion has a steep elevational gradient, peaking at around 1,000 m a.s.l., and marked changes in temperature and landscape composition can be observed over relatively short distances. The freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblage showed variability along the gradient, although there were common elements through different elevations. The average maturity index for trees varied from 16.36 to 33.57 and 11.59 to 32.67 for shrubs. Altitudinal Gradients meters and with inter-quadrate space or distance of Vegetation parameters viz. Water temperature recorded in the sampling events showed significant variation between elevations (K–W, P < 0.0001, Table S1), decreasing with increasing altitude. Found inside – Page 26The simple observation of a physical map of our planet indicates how the distribution of species correlates to altitude gradients and their associated climatic variations. This does not mean that the biodiversity gradients we find are ... Found inside – Page 86The inverse richness gradients of endemism from the coasts to the central parts of the continents often reflect a ... and altitude as well, and biogeographers have long recognised that the altitudinal gradient of biodiversity and ... Annual mean air temperature is 5.7 °C close to sea level, decreasing to 0 °C at 728 m a.s.l. Species diversity of woody vegetation along altitudinal gradient of the Western Himalayas, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01302. Similar tendencies have also been reported in Andean, and central and southern Argentinian streams (Corigliano et al., 1996; Miserendino & Pizzolón, 2000; Miserendino & Pizzolón, 2003; Scheibler, Claps & Roig-Juñent, 2014). Though altitudinal range is a factors derived from altitudinal gradient, altitudinal range's effects on species diversity on altitudinal gradient remain little known. Composition and structure of fish assemblage from Passa Cinco stream, Corumbataí river sub-basin, SP, Brazil, Contrasting effects of altitude on species groups with different traits in a non-fragmented montane temperate forest, Distribution of millipedes along an altitudinal gradient in the south of Lake Teletskoye, Altai Mts, Russia (Diplopoda), Diversity and ecological aspects of aquatic insect communities from montane streams in southern Brazil, Fish distribution in watersheds of the eastern part of the Serra da Mantiqueira (state of São Paulo), Multiple dormancy and maternal effect on Miconia ferruginata (Melastomataceae) seed germination, Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brazil, Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in high altitude sites of the Patagonian Altoandina region in Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina), Parasite loads and altitudinal distribution of Liolaemus lizards in the central Chilean Andes, Pattern of elevational distribution and richness of non volant mammals in Itatiaia National Park and its surroundings, in Southeastern Brazil, Patterns of species richness and composition of fish assemblages in streams of the Ivinhema River basin, Upper Paraná River, Relationship between climate and geographical variation of local woody species richness within the Mediterranean-type region of Chile, Sexual ratio and floral biology of the dioecious Neea theifera Oerst. In this study, a total of 63 samples (20m × 30m) were systematically established along elevation gradients on Mount Tai and Mount Lao, China. Tree Health Typology of Homegardens and Dry Fields Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Kulon Progo, Indonesia. This work is a contribution of the Wankara Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems Laboratory, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile. The data obtained provide a descriptive baseline of ecological features of macroinvertebrate communities associated with lentic freshwater ecosystems in sub-Antarctic Chile. This ecoregion is part of the South American forest biome, harboring the largest forest and wetland areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The primary variables governing gradients in biodiversity include productivity, climate, altitudinal and A. Weterings, and Peter J. Taylor "Changes of Bat Activity, Species Richness, Diversity and Community Composition Over an Altitudinal Gradient in the Soutpansberg Range, South Africa," Acta Chiropterologica 16(1), 27-40, (1 June 2014). This study confirms that freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and community features in this region are strongly influenced by temperature gradients. Publication Info: Sociedade Botânica do Brasil, Subjects: Acaulosporaceae  Altitudinal gradient  Glomeromycota  Species diversity  spore numbers  steppe. In a similar fashion, in El Salto lagoon, Hyalella amphipods and oligochaetes were the most frequent taxa (49.67% and 24.68%, respectively; Table 4, Fig. Floral Biodiversity along the Altitudinal Gradient in Northwest Himalayas 221 Floristic composition under different forest types Khair Forest In Khair forest, 60 species were recorded with 19 grasses, 2 legumes, 4 sedges and 22 forbs. Nonetheless, in the Patagonian ecoregion two contrasting climatic zones can be identified, an arid steppe region east of the Andes mountain range and hyperhumid forests and wetlands south-west of this mountain range. The following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers): Field and sampling permits were provided by Omora Ethnobotanical Park, and field collection of specimens were approved by Universidad de Magallanes (certificate number: no 80/CEC/2018). 10.1111/ddi.12695 [Google Scholar] Clarke K., & Warwick R. (2001). SIMPER contribution percentages of sub-Antarctic freshwater macroinvertebrates associated to lagoons from the Róbalo river watershed on Navarino Island during 2015. The authors declare there are no competing interests. . However, the ways in which local assembly processes control changes in species turnover (β-diversity) along broader gradients have been less well documented. Woody plants, graminoids and climbers showed a uni-modal structure while ferns and herbs revealed an increasing pattern of richness along the altitudinal gradient. There is a very fast increase Figure 2. The LDG has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. Pairwise comparisons detected differences between all elevations, with the exception of 250 and 480 m a.s.l. (Contador et al., 2015). Intensity of major threats to forest ecosystems and biodiversity along altitudinal gradient is directly measured by compositional changes in forest structure. Elevation of each lagoon is indicated in pie chart. Pan traps, malaise traps and sweep netting were used at twelve sampling points, with an average of 70 m difference in altitude between points. These lagoons are surrounded by evergreen forests and Sphagnum peat bogs, mixed forests and shrub patches, deciduous forests near the tree line (Krummholz), and high Andean tundra composed of cushion plants, mosses and lichens. When significance was achieved, Wilcoxon post hoc pairwise comparisons were made. This survey deals with parameters such as species richness, originality, life forms and dispersal modes of these plants, in relation to altitudinal and rainfall . In conjunction with previous research, this study provides a watershed-scale platform of information underpinning future long-term research in the region. We conducted an extensive survey of the literature and provide a synthetic . The diversity of woody plants declined as altitude increased, indicating that environmental filtering acts as a key factor in shaping the woody vegetation at high altitudes. Understanding invertebrate sensitivity to ecological changes is of great importance, and these organisms have proven to be useful bioindicators (Kremen et al., 1993). Analyses of macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups. Palma (2013), divides Chile into four macroclimatic zones, the arid north, the Mediterranean center, the temperate south, and Patagonia, which may underlie mayfly, stonefly and caddisfly distribution patterns. species richness, evenness, dominance, diversity, and rarity. Additionally, HOBO® data loggers (model U22 Water Temperature Pro version 2) were permanently installed in each lagoon (anchored at 20 cm depth at a randomly selected location) from February 2015 until March 2016, recording water temperature every 4 h. Mean, maximum and minimum daily and monthly temperatures (°C) were calculated using the data obtained. Differences in diversity (H′, N1) and evenness (J′) indexes were also found with elevation, showing a similar pattern with values decreasing as elevation increased (PERMANOVA, Shannon index, F = 31.566, P = 0.0002; Hill’s N1 F = 25.478, P = 0.0002, Pielou’s evenness F = 18.156, P = 0.0002, Table S3), and indicating a more uniform community at 700 m a.s.l. This book discusses the factors and processes affecting biodiversity and its preservation. (pairwise comparison, P = 0.5779, Table S4). Nonetheless, notable exceptions to the general pattern exist, and it is well recognized that patterns may be dependent on characteristics of spatial scale and taxonomic hierarchy. Biodiv Sci ›› 2010, Vol. (Research Article, Report) by "The Scientific World Journal"; Biological sciences Environmental issues Biodiversity Analysis Biological diversity Plant communities Vegetation management Methods The phytosociological attributes of woody species were investigated along an altitudinal gradient in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary. Abiotic parameters. We used summary data from Jankowski et al. We explored altitudinal patterns of plant diversity in the two mountain systems. Biodiversity Letters (1993) 1,186-192 BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH Diversity of indonesian gall-forming herbivores along altitudinal gradients G. WILSON FERNANDES and ANGELA CHRISTINA F. LARA Ecologia Evolutiva de Herbivoros Tropicais, Caixa Postal 486, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil Abstract. β diversity (dissimilarity) describes species variance among sites [], and numerous methods have been . The correlation (Carl Pearson) test indicated that species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, β-diversity, and TBC declined sharply with increase in altitude. The studies upon species richness along altitudinal gradients became increasing popular during the last few decades and the knowledge about the diversity patterns is accumulating rapidly (R ahbek, 1995, 2005). 5). Download. Javier Rendoll Cárcamo conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft. Although the changes in the richness and composition of belowground fungi across altitudinal gradients have been widely reported, only a few studies have focused on the microhabitat types along altitudinal gradients. Mean values and non parametric Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance and for abiotic parameters measured at sampling sites in the Róbalo river watershed, Navarino Island, Chile. Found inside – Page 442Weak climate oscillations Spatio-temconstrained porallyepisodicpoorlyupliftof the TP BIODIVERSITY ... The effect of mountain formation and regional surface uplift is to (i) increase the altitudinal gradient and thus local geodiversity; ... If you are following multiple publications then we will send you Southern South American ecosystems were strongly influenced by ice sheet expansion leading up to the Last Glacial Maximum (23,000–19,000 years before present), resulting in a heterogeneous and diverse mosaic of contemporary habitats (Hulton et al., 2002; Glasser et al., 2008). For univariate and multivariate analyses we used a factorial design, considering elevation and habitat type. Sistemática y Biología, Cold/Warm stenothermic freshwater macroinvertebrates along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in Western South America: a modern approach to an old hypothesis with updated data, Nomenclatural and systematic changes in the neotropical caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera), The glacial geomorphology and Pleistocene history of South America between 38°S and 56°S, Assessment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, USA and Canada, Patterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biogeochemical theory, Diversity and eveness: a unifying notation and its consequences, The last glacial maximum in southern South America, Contrasting patterns in local and zonal family richness of stream invertebrates along Andean altitudinal gradient, Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: their use in conservation planning, Claves para los adultos de las subfamilias, tribus y géneros de Dytiscidae de la Argentina (Coleoptera: Adephaga), Elevation gradients of species-density: historical and prospective views, A portable mass spectrometer study targeting anthropogenic contaminants in Sub-Antarctic Puerto Williams, Chile, Elevational gradients in species richness, New species and keys to South American Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera), Flora vascular y no-vascular en la zona altoandina de la isla Navarino (55°S), Reserva de Biosfera Cabo de Hornos, Chile, Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water synthesis, Macroinvertebrates of a fluvial system in Patagonia: altitudinal zonation and functional structure, Distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Azul-Quemquemtreu River Basin, Patagonia, Argentina. The maximum average temperature was recorded in Castor lagoon (20 m a.s.l. With more than 18,000 plant species, the Himalayan region has been known as one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world (Myers et al., 2000). Many reports focused on diversity, species, and area along latitudinal gradients (Stevens 1989; Kerr 1999). no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences. This is particularly true for mountains, which are distributed throughout the world and are indeed hot spots of biodiversity in absolute terms as well as relative to the surrounding lowlands. Understanding plant species distribution patterns along environmental gradients is fundamental to managing ecosystems, particularly when habitats are fragmented due to intensive human land-use pressure. ), with associated changes in air and water temperatures with elevation (Contador et al., 2015). Differences between all elevations and habitats were detected by pairwise comparisons, excepting between submerged vegetation and two other habitats (pairwise comparison, rock bottoms P = 0.0544, aquatic mosses P = 0.3382, Table S8). The primary goals of this study, therefore, were to (1) provide a concise description of the richness and composition of freshwater macroinvertebrate communities occurring in lakes and ponds across the altitudinal gradient of a Magellanic sub-Antarctic watershed, and (2) to compare macroinvertebrate assemblage composition and functional feeding groups throughout the gradient. Predators comprised almost a quarter of the FFG assemblage at each elevation, excepting a marked decrease at 700 m a.s.l. A total of 9384 macroinvertebrates were collected in the study, from which we identified 28 taxa belonging to 13 orders and 17 families. nal gradients. Found inside – Page 103The term 'Biodiversity' was popularised by sociobiologist Edward Osborne Wilson. ... (ii) Altitudinal gradient A decrease in species diversity occurs as we ascend a high mountain due to drop in temperature and greater seasonal variation ... Our results show a low-plateau then monotonic decline in richness with increasing elevation, which indicates that community composition is simpler and, in this case, more even (Pielou’s index) towards higher altitude. Glacial erosion shaped numerous archipelagos, mountain ranges and valleys, across numerous watersheds. Community structure indices were calculated using Primer 5.0 (Clarke, 1993). Google Scholar 10. The LDG is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. 3), between the habitats and in interactions between factors (PERMANOVA, Elev F = 56.544, P = 0.0002; Hab F = 12.54, P = 0.0002; Elev × Hab F = 10.515, P = 0.0002, Table S3). We Taxonomic macroinvertebrate list.Supplementary table 3. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity are biogeographic pat-. Macroinvertebrate groups recorded in this study with the highest species richness were Diptera and Trichoptera, especially chironomid midges and limnephilid caddisflies, while Hyalella amphipods were the most abundant taxon throughout the gradient. Moorman et al.

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